University of California - Berkeley
Gift of MISS ANNE AVAKTAN
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fo GRAMMAR ‘ARMENIAN AND ENGLISH : P. PASCHAL AUCHER
AND
LORD BYRON
VENICE
PRINTED IN THE ARMENIAN MONASTERY OF ST. LAZARUS
1873
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GRAMMAR
Grammar teaches the art of speaking and writing correctly. Human discourse is formed of letters, syllables and words. Letters are the elements of a syllable. Asyllable is either one letter, or the union of letters. A word is one or more syllables, which rig 4 ess some thing. he union of words to explain our thoughts 3 letely is called discourse. e harmony of words with the rules of Gr ammar is iapesis io hae
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PNICVSA
‘aInze Ul z puv oinsvoyd ut s 10 ‘qouoarz ¢ “prey?
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ONIINTYE
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‘SOP wooys 14)
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7 |
EXAMPLE OF READING
THE LORD’S PRAYER
Zuyp Ep on Jsephfta ’ eat page Enbaf Hayr myer wor hyergins, soorp . yeghitzi wineh - pm Ehbugl ewppuyjnelF fit pe gnoon . ko; yegestz6 arkayootune ko; Eqboft fusnlp pr npuyEu sSegh fia | a sph yeghitzin gamk ko worbés hyergins yev hyerg- ph: Qsurg kp Sutumngap y wnep Sg vi. Ezhatz myer hanabazort door mez | amguosi: be [Fog dha quyuspranfrs SEs « apmyba - fiyssor; yev togh myez ezbardis myer, worbés Ec dkp [Fnyncdp Lh png exqess rasa uy ust g « Ec yev myek toghoomk myerotz bardabanatz; yev
mi danir ezmyez i portzootune, fayl pergia
quleg & gunphin: Ob po & mp, ezmyez i tcharén. Zi =iko e ar- purelthet fe gopnel(Fhet Eu sfpunp suse funkeuttoa kayootune yey zorootune yev park havidyans.
wilkh = amen,
V owels ail) E, E, ps fy fly Ly Oe
Consonants
A i Ce a i x, df; Jr Uy 25 é? wy Dy my wy fy wy [> by tf £) p-
SYLLABLE
A syllable is an articulate sound, as, an, ar. tu, NA. qgup, tar. wage, aghd. apd; worm, eaupe part, gaunt ,karn. kup, temk. gops BOY. ply, unt. (Fhe, tiv, Funf, sham, py, looyce, Sun, dzar. hay, gal, Suyp; hire. duju, tzine. Nun. , Jar, diyp MIC. pach , shoon. sup, tchar. Sacp, tshoor or chiure. asst gue y sOorp. unk, der. pus; ram, gars tz00. cfrf{d-; ute or ewt. sfusn.p » park,
A syllable may be also composed of six letters, as eh-undzp , siamph. Sacpep, chiurpk.
Two or three consonants are sometimes formed before or after a vowel.
Double consonants at the end of a syllable are pronounced short, as, wupp,darr, pur qup.p,caghack,
When the word ends with double %, in the pronunciation an ¢ is inserted, as, hint (divuin v) madnun. thats (shah G1) tziernun. i‘
9
So also when in the beginning of a word the same consonant is doubled, as, g20c4 (2:2ac4) shushoog. 4hag (hehng) qugots.
When the liquids *, 4, ¢, are at the end of a syllable after another consonant, they have equally in the pronunciation the letter fg» as, Sih (hil) moogun. TTL (cs ures ) asdugh. peacuuyy (qpncunep) toosder.
But not when they precede the consonant, as, gociun, coond. uqun, aghd. hap, gark.
Likewise when the consonants are diffe- rent, as, (Aaeql2, tooght. unpep, soorpk. Soqep » hoghmnk. :
In the beginning of many words between two consonants the letter is understood in the oblique cases instead of another vowel of the nominative case, as, aacfn, tzoogun. Shui (24a) tougan. digu, mishd, Benushay (dp zunuhw) mushdaga.
FAMILIAR ABBREVIATIONS
tis altima. [Ik ork [bkul.. yf wyufibph ° [Fz or Ez [Pfudp ° m Yewncad ° ‘fh df 'f fE-prus ° my Yewar ow ° Lif fun,
am Uueaac Smif. “i Gfuncu . eqT geuqaed. ‘Ly Lnguss °
rf Dd Tiftl tidiil. ET Euy. tp Unpus °
i | 77 ‘Lngus .
fis ie uy jl ° Via Uni -
A*
EE pur ° nig apybe . ‘ig pea PS ju or i] aE Ue [df orf [Pfr pene f. <n ‘op unpius « [BE or E [dP Fuit. “a wtutk. up | unpule fa tfusits °
f ug LITT LL « , fy bi units npiy ug unguitl, . 7 i unk pn . “Dg Unie pipes wile wknd s upy upYeny « L pul ° upy upeng « “Pa ‘Pi pfumny 3
WORD
A word is an articulate sound expressive of our ideas.
Words in the Armenian language consist of eight parts of speech; Nouns, Pronouns, Verbs, Participles, Prepositions, Adverbs, Conjunctions, Interjections.
NOUN
A noun signifies some substance, or qua- lity, as, Aupy , man. Ephfp, earth. pye, light. uppuyne[Ih.h, kingdom. sagf, soul, spirit. wi dh, person. ein [IF feG, nature. djunp, mind, thought. gepf, good. gkgkghh, handsome. puygp, sweet. dis, great.
In nouns six peculiarities are to be consi- dered: Gender, Form, Species or Kind, Number, Case, Declension.
il GENDER
In the Armenian language the genders are distinguished by their natural significa- tions, as
MASCULINE
Uged, Adam, Wuduku, Moses. Qbun_ pou, Peter. Gphgop, Gregory. Wapzuit, Vardan, ete.
duyp, father. Eqeuyp, brother. sump, son, a male-child. ppb-uuy,a husband, spouse. whkp, a father-in-law. pkaf, uncle, a mo- ther’s brother. fuparsuyp , gossip, Godfather. uy man, husband, Sumy, a man-servant. [Puguneop or upipusy y king. Tose frespiecazy Sa- trap, a peer. gary, a bull. Egu,an ox. pugs a he-goat. fury,ram, a male sheep, qacupush ; bullock, a young ox. Fgikpac, a stag. uspu- quay, cock, ete. |
Uelut , tribunal. gop, soldiers. geo pu- guy, cavalry, horse-troops, ete.
FEMININE
Geuy » Kve. Yas , Sarah. Yuphual; Mary. Gae2uit or Gacguiuph » Susanna. Yupyorsf, Rose, ete.
Luiif, grandmother. sup, mother. paps sister. Suput, spouse, bride. 4fu, womans wife. gacump, daughter. un_%b4, girl, maid. qapuits, mother-in-law. tac, son's wife,
daughter-in-law. ufkuacp, mother-in-law,
12 husband's nother. Fipuniup , gossip, God- mother. golug, wphfin, [dmgocsfh, queen, princess. opfapy, young girl. tuudtfoun, ugusfuft, servant-maid. had, cow. Epful, heifer, a young cow. cup, ewe, female sheep. upp, hen. equ, hind, ete.
SOMMON
Puppy » man. apy ' quiul » child. OD Lend ie) infant, Funuiig ,an heir, [Pan%, grandson, or grand-daughter. [Pngu%, bird. unfrs-, lion, or lioness. haphe% ,a young beast. Susy. ; chick, chicken. gue, bird, fowl. nsfsup, sheep. epYan., cattle. uquchf , pigeon, dove. ah, horse. ga%, dog, bitch. gfef2-, charmer. tiupyupl, prophet, or prophetess, ete.
NEUTER
Dap, water. og, air. Saq, earth, ediup. — jin, body. Ephfup, heaven. pyws light. oun, tree. ai-np, hand. muip y foot. son, soul, spirit. djunp, mind. umm&, house. as [B-on., chair, hiwihp, life. dius, death. gunk el pae[d pet ; patience. utteppuuenc[d fri ’ in- justice, etc.
The genders are distinguished also in this manner: Uyp epzupl, prophet, a male prophet. hf thupasupl, prophetess, a _ female prophet. ayp diupy, man, male. hft dup, WOMON, Hiumuh wafed, honess, fe-
13
male lion, a she-lion, wpa waunt%p, male pigeon. un Spy, wquy girl, a female child, ete.
Some genders are indicated also by their terminations, as
MASCULINE
Safsaittiu » John. Sac phuiiay ) Julian. Ul uttampau , Athanasius. (oapapa , Theo- dore, ete.
FEMININE
Salsa , J oan. Gar pfruil, ’ J uliana. UfPatimuufrs, Athanasia. (bapopu, Theo- dora, ete.
Qapyncsefs Rose. pplacsps a priestess heathenish. pusSuftiaynesf, a priestess. diup guplnacsfr » a prophetess. Yeunewdacsp , Goddess. uppuyne sf ’ [Pugnesf ) unppnesft ’ queen, princess. dhuyacsp, a she-martyr. Ueguuncsp, an Abbess. Yuphacugarsp, Deaconess, etc.
Qapzutiys, Vard's daughter. Yursushas Ly? » Roce. daughter . feaupaid{yzacfum ; Chosroes’ daughter. \\pgzacfum, Hormis- tus’ daughter, etc.
FORM
The forms of the nouns are three: sim- ple, as, dup » man: Accompanied by a par- ticle before, as, whiupg, inhuman: Com- pas of entire words, as, Swpyaety » human, sind.
14
The different modes of producing com- pound epithets and words, are the trea- sure and ornament of the Armenian lan- guage; a thousand varieties of compounded words may be made in this tongue as may be perceived in the Armenian grammar pu- blished 1845.
SPECIES or KIND
There are two kinds of words: Primi- tive, as, supy man: and Derivative or De- rived having at the termination a particle, as, shupry tw, human.
The Derivatives are most abundant in the Armenian language.
NUMBER
Numbers are two: Singular, as, sup, man: and Plural, as, dupgzp or dupe fh, men.
The plural of some nouns is formed in a particular manner, as, 44%, woman, fur iuyp, women. dump, convent, dufunpuyp ; tfuitopl-uyp or uit puuyp ; convents. gly or ghpe » book, yg peuit , books. tutuneh child, boy, hiutihinfp, children, boys.
The proper nouns are sometimes made plural with the particle tt, as, Gphgnp» — Gregory, Vppenpkuip , Gregories. Bafguit thu, John, §0fSuttiuful-uiip, Johns.
15
CASE
The cases in the Armenian language ac- cording to the. modern authors are ten in number. :
1. Nominative, sAupyz ,the man. 2. Genitive, diupyry ; of the man. 3. Dative, Aupeyry or ’f dup, to the man. A. Accusative, gtupy, the man. 5. Ablative, ’f supra, from the man. “6. Narrative, qliupyry , concerning the man. 7. Instrumental, Aiupzad, by means of man. 8. Circumdative, were: about the man. #9, Commorative, ’f supe. or 'f shiuprpacsl; in the man. *10, Vocative, sd supa, 0 man!
It is to be remarked in this declension that the second case is changed in the ter- mination. The third in the termination, and is then denominated the dative-declined-in the-termination: and sometimes has before it a letter or preposition, and is then called the dative-with-the-preposition. The fourth ease has before it the letter 4, which is sometimes omilted or understood. The fifth ease changes in the termination, and has the letter or preposition ’} before it; or the letter » when followed by a vowel. The sixth ease likewise changes in the termination, and has before it the tetter 4. The seventh. case changes in the termination. The eighth ease also, and has before it the letter 4.
16
The ninth ease has before it the letters ’s or;,and when changed in the termination has always before it the same letter or pre- position. The tenth case has before it the interjection “ or #1, but not always ex- pressed. |
According to the ancient authors the cases are properly only six.
41. Nominative.
2. Genitive.
3. Dative.
4, Accusative. es 5. Ablative. ad 6. Instrumental.
And these will be followed in the present grammar.
DECLENSION
Concerning the number of declensions of the nouns the opinions of authors are va- rious: we will reckon ten dividing them into two classes according to the grammar pu- blished in 1845.
The first class contains six simple or re- gular declensions, and the second four mix- ed or irregular declensions: and they are distinguished from the second and sixth cases in this manner.
su, REGULAR DECLENSIONS SINGULAR PLURAL
Gen. Instr. Gen. = Instr.
yi a. b> fe. | « b7> fep-
2. A> ite WY . aug » arp OT op. De ry mf. WY ny y np.
Ae uils OW, ankle. ¢ ank uilsg ashy pe
oe mt. wy nt.e We meg, mLpe 6. En oY 3 Eng Or %« v Eng ’ Enep or Ey, et Ege. a ) E-ng) E-qe. *
IRREGULAR DECLENSIONS
SINGULAR | PLURAL Gen. Instr. Gen. Instr. 1. cn, emf OF E-uy ’ cm) p or Fun. Fug ’ F-un.p or E-op ° o% fu, au f° wiley ule p « de nu), we. OF usntp . wily ‘ uly °
A. wy OF E-ws jue. OT Fu.
FIRST DECLENSION SINGULAR | | ; , Ah) 1. Upgeuy, the ae ar oe ov{h) 2 Urey» of the king. OK HY
a eee’ Or yusppusy. Senpisy, to the king. qU.pexy, > the king.
5
Le eee §. JU.geuyF » from the king. 6. Upgeuyfe, with or by the king. Ww
PLURAL
1. Upeuyp, the kings.
2. U.pgeuypz, of the kings. Jo
Se U.ceeyly OF yuyppuyps y Burypipusyu to the kings. 5 des
Ae qUpeey4 the kings. O46
5. gU.ge4yb7, from the kings.
6. Ugeeypee, with or by the kings.
It may be seen by this example that the letters x,«, 5, form the plural; but are not always signs of the plural in the termination ofa word, aS, pusmpusp y city. py) light. Susy ’ bread : which in the plural form. pasqu.pp, ci- ties. pryup, the lights. Suge, the loaves.
The third and fifth cases carry before them the letter y, when the noun begins with a vowel, and the letter ’s, when the noun ~ begins with a consonant.
The cases are generally formed either by the addition of a vowel to the nominative, as, gun, word, gunf, of the word, gu, river, g&uny, of the river. qgkum, coat, qy lumen. ; of the coat. Spyenms Tiridates 3 Spyumnuy, of Tiridates: or by placing in the termination of a word the vowel of the last syllable; a8, pupefir, forger, pupeif, of the forger: or by omitting a vowel of the last syllable, as, uunkuit , tribunal, unnk-_ uf, of the tribunal: or by exchanging one
19 vowel for another, as, ajupunkg, garden, uypuspunfgls, of the garden.
Some nouns have no singular, as, fump, glory. eupp, custom. gFnfup , hell. facmp , idol. 4kump, life, kpkup, face. ugold-p, prayer, etc.
And others no plural, as, yaya, hope. ukp, affection, love..pauth, sleep. Ephpp, earth, asus} wool. fuumeup ; the dark, ete.
SECOND DECLENSION
SINGULAR
4. Yuwpz, the order. gh. ork
2. Yupyf, of the order.
3. Yupgh or 'b Gupz, un. hupz, to the order.
A. quupq, the order.
5. fh apt, from the order.
6. Yapzu, with or by the order. —
PLURAL
1. \upzp, the orders. 2. Yupyuy, of the orders. i Qapymg Or fh fuupzpsn to the orders. A. quwpqzu, the orders. 8. A Yaspgery, from the orders. 6. Yapzucp or huspyop » with or by the orders.
20 THIRD DECLENSION
SINGULAR
1. Wepz, the man. .
2. Yupzy, of the man.
os Vapzy or iupryal” or 'f hire. 5 to the man.
A. ges, the man.
5. A Puppy, from the man.
6. Pupyznd, with or by the man.
PLURAL
1. Wepze, the men.
y A Yap, of the men.
3 Yuapyzrg or 'f thisspirpws y to the men. Ae ql upepeu y the men.
5. Waspzng, from the men.
6. Yupzode, with or by the men.
FOURTH DECLENSION
SINGULAR
1. Lfifi, the foundation.
2. L/h, of the foundation.
3. Lpduis or 'f Spits, to the foundation. A. g2dpiti, the foundation.
5. bs Lfulaml-, from the foundation.
6. Sfulinfe, with or by the foundation.
PLURAL
1. Lfufunp, the foundations. 2. Lfulaiing , of the foundations.
21
3. Lfulutug or 'f SfrlivSu, to the founda- tions.
A. gdfrlintu , the foundations.
5. fb Sfuliutiy , from the foundations.
6. LpdinS-p, with or by the foundations.
FIFTH DECLENSION
SINGULAR
1. Q.u%d, the treasure.
2. Guida, of the treasure.
3+ Quaehadne or 'h guid ,» to the treasure. A. gYuind , the treasure.
5. "A G-uHdk, from the treasure.
6. Q.utidoc, with or by the treasure.
PLURAL
1. Q.widp, the treasures.
2. Quidtorg, of the treasures.
3. Quidaey or’ guudu, to the treasures. A. 7Yudu, the treasures.
5. A Quidorg, from the treasures.
6. Quuidnep, with or by the treasures.
SIXTH DECLENSION
SINGULAR
A. Ugefep, the fountain.
2. Uygelp, of the fountain. et Ugelp or yegqebeps to the fountain. As qMyebep the fountain.
22 5. WUaekpk or yaqefept, from the foun- tain. 6. Ugekpe or egekpur , with or by the foun- tain. PLURAL
1. UgeFpe or agefecpe, the fountains.
2. Ugekpy or wqekpmg, of the fountains.
3. Ugebpy aqekpug OF yoqekpu, yung efeps, to the fountains.
A. qUgebpe or quae fe pu y the fountains.
5. JUae=pry or uel pug » from the foun- tains.
6. UgeFpee or week pep » with or by the fountains. |
SEVENTH DECLENSION SINGULAR
1. S£qf, the place.
2. S&qexy, of the place.
oe SF query or unl-qen) or 'h wnk-nfs » to the place.
A. gSkqf:, the place.
5. SE query or’f wnk-qengk, from the place.
6. $&qku-, with or by the place.
PLURAL
1. Séqhe, the places.
2. S&qkuy, of the places.
3. Skqkuy or ’f wnk-gfu, to the places. A. gSknftw, the places.
wate
> 23 | 3. '& S&qkuy, from the places.
6. Skqkurp or wkgkep, with or by the f places.
EIGHTH DECLENSION SINGULAR
1, f.£2%, the burden.
2. féafi, of the burden.
. Pén fi orf e&n%, to the burden. . gf-Fex, the burden.
‘2 PEawil , from the burden. PEnunfz, with or by the burden,
Sg go |
PLURAL
1. fénfip, the burdens.
2. fiEnuing , of the burdens.
3+ PE nutiig or 'h glen fiw ; to the burdens. A. gftknfiw, the burdens.
5. ’f Pénuing, from the burdens.
6. Penunfep, with or by the burdens.
NINTH DECLENSION
SINGULAR
1. \fu, the woman or the wife. 2. Yun, of the woman. $3. Yin? or fp 4%, to the woman. A. gif, the woman. _ 5. ’f Winfk, from the woman. b 6. Wise or Apes Tass elge ’ with or by the woman.
24 PLURAL
1. Yetnyp, the women or the wives.
2. Yat , of the women.
3. Yuviaiing OF wn. hufimyy , to the women. Ae quay ; the women.
5. ft Yututing , from the women.
6. Yustudep, with or by the women.
The following are declined in this manner. SINGULAR
1. Qfey or yFor, the village.
2. 4.499, of the village.
3 9.£-72_or 'h gfegs to the village. A. gYfeq, the village.
5. ’f 9Fq2E, from the village.
6. QAcqbe, with or by the village.
PLURAL
1. Gfewe, the villages.
2. Gfrghg, of the villages.
3 Dfeghy or 'h gfequ, to the villages.
As qgYfrqu, the villages. |
5. ’f %/eqby, from the villages.
6. Qfeghep or gheqop, with or by the villages,
SINGULAR
1. $&p, the Lord, the Master. 2. SFumnt, of the lord. 3. Shunt or gukp, to the lord.
25
id Ae qS&p> the lord. 3. fb Skunk or 'b Skank, from the lord. 6. SE pun, wilh or by the lord.
PLURAL
1. S&wpp, the Lords, the Masters. 2. Shupy or wk puing of the lords. Be SFuipy ; wk puting or gunk usp , to the lords. Ae qSEuyu , the lords.
5. ‘fh SFuupg or 'h wn putig »from the lords. 6. $&pudep, with or by the lords.
SINGULAR
a Ue or op, the day. 2. Year, of the day.
ROL Usecp Or yurep OV opts to the day.
4. q“Uep OF gop» the day. 5. eps or yor’, from the day. 6. Useacpe, with or by the day.
PLURAL
. 7 4. Us-pe» the days.
2. Yeorpyz> of the days.
8. Yenepy or yurearpu, to the days. a A q“ijerrpe » the days.
5 5. Jerry ’ fr om the days.
6. Yenepee, with or by the days.
_ SINGULAR
1. Luyp, the father. 2. Luep Or Sop, of the father.
26
3 gunp, Son or asuy » to the father. A giuyp, the father.
5. ‘fs dun pk or fs Sop, from the father. 6. Lupe, with or by the father.
PLURAL
1. Supp, the fathers,
2. Quy or Suputtg , Of the fathers.
3. guppy ; Susputig or 7Sasypus to the fathers.
A. qimpu, the fathers.
De fs upg Or 'f Supusng, from the fathers. - £upep, With or by the fathers.
TENTH DECLENSION SINGULAR
1. Shzpu%, Tigranes.
2. Sfzpuiiuy , of Tigranes.
Be S/yputiuy or ‘fh Sfzput, to Tigranes. A. qSfypuin, Tigranes.
3+ 'b Shy putiuy , from Tigranes.
6. S/zputiaue, with or by Tigranes.
SINGULAR
1. 2h ofiuk , Helena.
2. Lk ofiuk-uy , of Helena. ; Be Lb gfitkuy OF wr. LE gfiul. » to Helena. A. ydk-nfinl- , Helena.
. 5+ 'b Lk gfik-uy, from Helena.
6. 26 4ful-w, with or by Helena.
27 ADJECTIVE
An adjective is a word added to a Sub- stantive to express its quality.
Adjectives in the Armenian language ad- mit besides the number or case the degrees of comparison. :
The Comparatives are formed in three modes; 4. with the particle ¢-j+, as gmp» good, eupk-ynju, better. serpy bad, supurgnjt y worse. gusgqnuedl, much, many, eugdugnaji, more. 2. with the prepositions smh, bw, mmm mb)» aS, lk & great, Hi-& put, Hh & fey were cL, J-S, greater. 3. with different cases of the substantive, as, d&-S% supa uph fg, great- er than all prophets, de St'f dupguphu greater amongst the prophets.
The Superlatives are also formed in three manners: 4. with the particles #2 or «iv, te, £3, tpts or t~ put before them, as, wai Dsus ) best. wll fprhiuomnet ’ wisest, ge punhiupacp most clean. HE Sunfuizlpacs y most convenient. EnudtS, greatest, 2. by adding to them some adverbs, as, Lu di Sus gue OF di-Sugnju hu, greatest. yak duun [Pupugnja wits tua fit fps worst, unl th ft gk-gkghl, most. handsome. Epfgu qv hE, most miserable. 3, by redoubling the positives, as, /i-SunlkS-, greatest. suspussuss OF seups TT Te put Y Pda he worst. —
28
MIDDLE NOUNS
Those nouns are named middle or mixed, which are neither Substantives nor Pro- nouns, and are classed generally in English among the Adjectives.
They are of five kinds: Numeral, Parti- tive, General, Interrogative, and Relative.
THE NOUNS NUMERAL
The nouns numeral are of five kinds: Ab- solute, Cardinal, Separative, Distributive, and Replicative. |
ABSOLUTE ee BS « fener vi\ - re Ue or SE, chi, Eq, one. (tty a 1™v z ox8 mt. \ f4 << . bef, two. yore aaa bat “mg f°
brke, or En, Epp, three. ‘42440 Qepe Or sapu, four. ep~eQ——Hws o fing, five. Wt ~
UFy, SIX. Nbeke WOE bt or EFofdi , even. uci im 4 OT ht ficfd, erght. we
pia ’ nine. i ae
Suu, ten. upon
| | eae ’ eleven.
Gphauumait , twelve.
Gp euuuuin, thirteen. Qopkpuunut, fourteen.
Ling Eunuuust fteen.
Foumuuih , sixteen.
29
[Polos OF Fe [Ptracmunis , seventeen.
Q\el(Phumut Or ac[d-aciwmunut , eg hteen.
Pithuawat or ep eae » nineteen.
“Pua, twenty. [A494 &~
‘Prout bp, twenty one.
Gpkent, thirty. ©
Gpbeat he Ephac ’ thirty two. |
‘Prsmuunacdh y forty. Ka Peers
‘Ranmunet be Enkp ’ fe orty three. Shunt, fifty. ni 2A
Spunch h. sopp , fifty four.
uldtunt, sixty.
Ge fPutaunt, seventy.
Qicfdunct ’ eighty.
hitiunch, ninety.
Pitiuocth he fi ’ ninety nine.
duppep, hundred. A,o;0
Gel frler » two hundred.
Gekeseiphep » three hundred.
Qapkpsmphep, four hundred.
2 ftysaphrp ’ five hundred.
Ulgsuphep, $1x hundred.
Getsupfhep, seven hundred.
NelP-suppep, eight hundred.
PitisSuphep, nine hundred.
Lusqup, thousand. 4266
Pfcp or efep, ten thousand.
CARDINAL
er or Te LLL 2 ; ww IGE pape ’ Dausfu_ lis Youreof, first. ar second.
30)
Gepope or Ephyp » third.
Qappapy or Sophy » PULA y [ ourth. dling k pope» fifth.
WE gk pop, » srxth.
Ge uk popyz, seventh.
esi papy, ’ eighth.
pial poppy » ninth. -
Samik- papa. ’ tenth.
‘Poul popy , twentieth.
Gp utE- papa. » thirtieth.
‘Panu pape ’ fe ortieth. Bfutk-popy ’ fi fi tiet h.
Ueu[d-uitk- pape. » § 1x treth. G-attantk pap, ) seventieth.
ele ut pape ‘ erghtieth.
Pinal pape ’ nine tieth.
Supper pk pape »Or Suphepape ’ hundredth. Ge4Epbe peppy » two hundredth. Seuquipk pape ’ thousandth.
SEPARATIVE
Wh+4, one, sole, only.
GehFat or Ephuh , two only, two.
Gop ent,, three only, three.
Qapk wh or pumk-uh, four only, four. Lughush, five only, five.
Suutl-uwh, , ten only, ten. bP uttanttkuh , seventy only, seventy. Luipfepl-wh, hundred only, hundred.
ol DISTRIBUTIVE
beheekui or Ephapfi, both, the two.
brkekat or Epkpfiu, the three.
| Qopk pi uu or supk phi ’ the four.
Ge fdutkpkum or kr[d-uiikpht, the seven.
bp yomunuitk plush or Ephonuuuik phn , the . twelve. |
bpheputisfep, both, one and the other.
REPLICATIVE
bphyeunpl or Api fu, double, two.
brekeuyunfh Fnunyununfh or Epi ph fit : triple, treble, threefold.
QopEpuyuunfrh ; pununyuuoph or sopiph fin ’ fourfold.
Linz anyuunfrh ’ quintuple, fivefold.
GelFtuanyuinfh ’ sevenfold.
Saubupuunpl ’ tenfe old.
Leuapfreprusmunnphy, ize old.
Leusquspusupusinfrh » thousan fe old.
THE NOUNS PARTITIVE
— fiti, ap, fe, some, somebody, one, any, whosoever. 7
pif; , fis, a, one, some, certain, single, any.
Whdb-uing or bpkpug, of one, of the other.
Peperpatisfep OV utbgifep each, every, any.
Wee or dew, other, another.
Wyk mp) uy ails another.
Ue bili, uy (us, another, different.
32
‘Whee aif, another.
hepupusishep mp, every one. hepupuiishep fis, every or any thing. UWA of, every, any.
‘Pui fins Or puitf dh, some, not many.
THE NOUNS GENERAL
Uline or abn, all, every, any. UAtE peut or adkikpfir, all, every one. Finynp, all, whole, entire, total.
Papopk putt or enpopkpfi, all, every one. Quiz taste Sunliuh; Suunto opEh » pluucy, ngduyt ; all, whole, entire, total, complete.
Udi imju mp y every one.
Usriujn fus, every or any thing.
Ne 22, whoever, whosoever.
Nie fuss whatsoever.
fils me, none, not one, not any, nobody. Ns us or as dh (us, nothing, not any thing.
THE NOUNS INTERROGATIVE
(\° or «1, who? which person ?
Ap, who? which ?
p°ts, what ? which?
‘fpuif?, how much? how many ?
Nd ag) 8 ap, ap np, whoever ? who?
Ne bit, ql’us pus, whatever ? what ? Vpeppap, qltsmpuf, what ? which? Npewt , sipsunfs, how much? how many ?
THE NOUNS RELATIVE
UV jebols ’ unfiunfrufs » such, hike, same, si- milar, as, $0.
Uyeuteb» pujumnpfrufs 50, as, like, similar.
U je ful, tajtmfuf $0, AS, as that, hke that.
U. poeuit, unjiputs, s0 much, as many.
U, josef y uojusunp, so much, as many.
Ute, peujipu , 80 many, so much.
Uys putisunf, 80 many, so much.
U. jie , tnjiputs , 80 many, so much.
Y, jusunp , injusunp, so many, so much, so much as.
All these middle nouns are declined under one of the ten declensions of nouns substan- tive, except aifi and ap, which are diffe- rently declined in the singular, but similarly in the plural number, as |
SINGULAR
i. {jdz,one, some. fj.» one, any person. 2. flepacifz, of one. flepacp, of any. 3. (\_/iii, to one. {j_dk-p » to any.
A. ofits, one. q{he» any. 5. fiedei£, from yfiedkpe, from any. one.
G. liu , withor by f\diae , with or by one, any.
34
PLURAL
1. (\d/istep , some.
2. f\viving , of some.
3 (\ funy or patiuiou » gaat to some. A. gf\diutie , some.
5. pMdivig , from some.
6. {\livdep , with or by sume.
PRONOUN
Pronouns stand in place of nouns and, like them, have case, number, and particu- larly the first, second and third persons, as, Eu, 1, gov, thou. tur, he.
In Armenian they have no genders.
There are four kinds of pronouns: Sub- stantive or Personal, as, Aw, I. gae, thou. fig, he, himself: beg, own, himself. Defini- tive, as, wu, this (person or thing). ga, that (person or thing). t=, that, he, she, it. Pos- sessive, as, bf or filyfiu, my, mine. Jép or Apophis , OUr, OUT S. pry OF pryft, thy, thine. akp or 2Epajfiu, your, your's. pep or bepuy fu, his, hers, its. fcphuwirg, their, their’s. And Relative, as, «p, who, which, that, what.
The three letters «, +,%, are called Arti- cles-distinctive-of-the-persons; and joined to the terminations of words and verbs, shew their persons or order, and are used as pro- nouns personal, possessive, and definitive, as, tiupy», T who ama man, or my man, or this -
— Man. hupyr, thou who art a man, or thy man, or that man, diupys, he who is a man, or his man or that man.
} 1. ac, thou.
35
| DECLENSIONS OF THE PERSONAL PRONOUNS
1. Person. SINGULAR A. be, a i - Af ex _2.pd; of me, mine or my.” | # es Be Tid, gh, win. fw, tO me. tome an), sda me. " %* <2 ybuks , from me. Lie Kant 7 6 hike , with or by me. bin 2 . PLURAL 1. Le, we. mye
2. Fp, of us, our or our’s. De UFq; gully ; ann. k- 4 5 to us. A. yWPEq, us.
5.’ WSs, from us.
6. Fee, or drop, with or by us.
2. Person.
SINGULAR ww
2. stv, of thee, thine or thy. SS 3. “Pbg ) an. pkgs gpg, to thee. “~ ©7
A. oP-Eq, thee.
5. JA “P£a, from thee.
| 6. -f£, with or by thee.
36 PLURAL
| 4. Yocp ye or you.
“4 2. Q&p, of you, your or your's. 73. QFq, galg aust. akg, to you. A. 7Qkq, you.
5. 'f Q£u9, from you.
6. QFcp or 4kop, with or by you.
3. Person.
SINGULAR
1. pup, he or himself. et 2. pupkui, of him or his.
3. pipkuit, or am. fugu, to him.
A. y pupa , him.
Be ybplaE , from him.
6. Papkundle , with or by him,
PLURAL
1. pipkutip, they or themselves.
2. pipkutng , of them, their or their’s. 3 piplutig 9 OF war fipl uti » to them. A. gbipF uit , them.
5. JPiphutny » from them.
6. piphmdep, with or by them.
hip% alone signifies he, she, but accom- panied by another pronoun signifies self, as, Eu fut ’ myself. pe fps . thyself. 7 fupt ’ himself.
37
SINGULAR
-
2. hep or fcpl ut, his.
8. hep, fepkut or wa. fep, to him, to
c himself.
A.
$. she, from him, from himself.
6. pep, fepbun or fe plr unde , with or by him or himself.
PLURAL
i.
2. pphu‘ng, their, their’s.
3. fuecpha‘tg, to them or to themselves.
S$. ybepbuirg , from them, from themselves. 6. fpephunep, with or by them or themselves.
Declension of Definitive Pronouns Personal.
i. Person.
SINGULAR
1. Yur, this (person). hae 2. Yap, of this. 3
De Yel OF wa. wus, to this.
A. Yur, this.
5.’ Yul, , from this.
6. Yadur , with or by this.
38 PLURAL
1. Yapu, these (persons). 2. Yagu, of these. 3. oyu OY asm. unuur, to these. e Youu; these. -’A Yogutul , from these. :: Uapusep or unpop » by or with tlibees
2. Person.
SINGULAR
1. Guz, that (person). Joe De opus, of that.
3. Yilaw Or gy, to that.
A. opus, that.
5. fb elaine: , from that.
6. Ymfare., by or with that.
PLURAL
4. \hnpur, those (persons).
2. Yngur, of those.
3 §pogu: OY ain gnuu, to those. A. yf pou , those.
«B.A Qogainl, , from those.
6. hapurp, OF pupops by or with those.
3. Person. SINGULAR
1. u, that (person) he, she. A ‘Lopes, of that.
39
De Yeh, OF gia, ean. ia, to that. Ae wu) that.
5. 7h Uda , from that.
6. Yau, by or with that.
PLURAL
1. ‘V,apur, those.
2. ‘“Logu ’ of those.
3. “‘Uagus OF an. Louw; gunuw » to those. Ae qlauu, those.
5.’ Yaguiul,, from those.
6. ‘Unpunp OV npop , by or with those.
Declensions of Definitive Pronouns Adjective.
1. Person. SINGULAR
1. Uy, this (person or thing). 2. U.jop or aszyunpph , of this.
3 Uyes wyulply Or as. “sj y to this. A. aU, ye , this.
5. WU, jotusel , from this.
6. U, yaar or uyune bl ’ by or with this.
PLURAL
1. U.yue Or aszunphh, these.
S. Uy-7 or uyunghl , of these.
- Uy-7 ’ wuyuaghl Or as. wmyunupl; ; to these. A. 4, suouph , these.
5 ys. J4y or Juypeguul, from these.
6. U, yonpfep or wyunphdep , by or with these.
A() 2. Person.
SINGULAR
i. Uy» that (person or thing).
2. Uoyee or aygopby, of that.
a. Wye wspoplfily OF aa ayy; to that. A. FUE ’ that.
5. yUyeetl, from that.
6. Uyeoe or wyynefil : by or with that.
PLURAL
1. Uyee or aypnpht, those.
> Ue or wypyng fl » of those.
3. Usags eypaghh oF an. ayzoufs sto those.
F Be BU yearly ’ those.
So. weg Or Jey eguuk from those.
6. Uyerebep Or aypnphdep, by or with those. |
3. Person. SINGULAR
4. j,@, that (person or thing).
2. Uji Or msjtapht, of that.
Se UL jus usjulfly OP wn uyly to that. A. Uj" ’ that.
5. Ui l, , from that.
6. U__ Lec or wjune hl; 5 by or with that.
PLURAL
1. Uji OV usyjtinpfri,, those. 2. Uji OF ustingfh , of those.
ee SS
: hl 3+ Ut» wpungph OY wn. mfunuph, juju ; to those. A. qU, juautsh OF qusjuu , those. 5. JIU or pupuyul from those. 6. U, juaehee or wjlophidep » by or with those.
Other Definitive Pronouns Adjective.
A. Person. SINGULAR
1. Yu, this same (person or thing).
2. Yopfi or unpach, of this same.
3. Yop or am. unjt, to this same.
A. qUaju, this same.
5. (fh Use or ’f ufis) from this same.
6. Yadbu or umf{ufe , by or with this same.
PLURAL
1. Yasir or unpfi, these same.
2. Yogftt, ungach OF ungachg of these same.
Be Uogfiu Or wn unufils esi. unjue to these same.
4. qQWajiu , quaufs, these same.
5. 'f Yogacty ; from these same.
6. Yodhdep, unphdpp, OY unpndpp, by or with these same.
42 2. Person.
SINGULAR
1. ou, that same (person or thing).
2. hapft or gapache, of that same.
3- hifi Or wn. qoju, to that same.
A. y paojt that same.
5. (f haji or ’f gilfir) from that same.
6. Quafft or gruff , by or with that same.
PLURAL
1. hojnp, or qopfhi, those same.
- Spagfiu ’ pagal or Fe ’ of those same.
: ‘pagfit Or as. yenufite » “sett. penjlaus » to those same.
A. ohajtu OY qynufts, those same.
De 'f (pagacg ’ from those same.
6. halii-p, qophilep OF zapmlp, by or with those same.
3. Person. SINGULAR
1. ‘Ugju, that same (person or thing).
2. apf or tinport, of that same.
3. ‘Udpt or wn. infu, to that same.
A. giyju, that same.
3. ((b Uy or 'f iuffiu) from that same.
6. Yad bt or tndfafe , by or with that same.
43 PLURAL
1. ‘Uajip or enpfis , those same.
2. Lagft sLngacts Or Lngacthy ,» of those same.
3’. ‘Uogft OV msn. Laufih , een rl. tnjue to those same.
Ae Piynjias, OF Ginufir, those same.
5.’ ‘Uagacig , from those same.
6. Godiuep, tenphlep or Lapmidpep, by or with those same.
The Definitive pronouns are accompanied sometimes with the pronoun /iupi, self, as, wu [iupi, this self-same. gus fupts, that self- same or himself. tus frp, that self-same or himself. aye fiupi, this same. taju fiupis, same, that same.
Or they are joined together, as, anjt uur, this same. paju qu, prs uy, that same, the same himself.
Declensions of Pronouns Possessive.
The Possessive pronouns are formed of personal and definitive pronouns; the second case of these forms the first case of the pos-
sessive. | a
4. Person.
2 a \
1. [w/; my (mine). gs, 2. pufry, of my.
An
3. fucfoel, OF as. ft to my. A. gh, my.
Se hulle or yfeley , from my. 6. Jad, by or with my. -
PLURAL
1. Jefe, my.
2. hifag , of my.
3. hilng, wn. fils, to my- A. a freles my.
a. Jbudag 5 from my.
6. hdinfp, by or with my.
SINGULAR
1. J 4,p, our.
2. J 4pe, of our, our’s.
3 UW Epacd; to our.
Ae gap » OUr.
5.’ Veet or 'b lhe prey » from our. 6. [PE pad, by or with our.
PLURAL
1. WFpe, our.
2. A poq, of our.
3. WE pag, to our.
A. gf E pe, our.
5.’ WEpnz, from our.
6. JFpode, by or with our-
i) 2. Person.
SINGULAR
1. *fin, thy (thine).
» “Poy » of thy.
3. fay, Or paced; to thy.
4. qf, thy.
5. Pod or’ pry, from thy: 6. «fa, by or with thy.
PLURAL
4. ‘Popp ’ thy.
2. “fiog ’ of thy.
3 ‘Pag or ‘fh: Lys to thy. A. yspaze » thy.
Be fs sping» from thy.
6. <Peajp, by or with thy. .
SINGULAR
1. QFp, your.
2. Qk poy, of your, your's.
3 QE pact; to your.
A. qQep, your.
5.°h Qk pd& or’ 2k pay, from your. 6. Qk pad, by or with your. —
PLURAL
1. Qk pe ’ your.
2. Qk png, of your. 3. QEpng, to your. 4A. qQE pu , your.
| 3
h6 5. ’f QE pag, from your. 6. Qk pade, by or with your.
3. Person.
SINGULAR
4. hep, his or her.
2. fepyy, of his.
Be hepa; to his.
4. ghep, his.
5. yhepde or ybeprys from his, 6. fepad, by or with his.
PLURAL
1. hepp, his.
2. hepng, of his.
3 pepag » to his.
A. ghepu, his.
De ybhepag> from his.
6. bepade, by or with his.
From the genitives of these are formed other possessives with a particle ¢+ ; they have the same signification, but are declined with prepositions, and are these; fdafu, my, mine. pr fi, thy, thine. d-payfu, our. sé pay- fu, your. fepry fi, his or her own.
The same possessives are formed also in this manner: flu, my, mine, Ae puyfir, our. ab puny fii; your. frpuylin y his. freplutn, guyfu, their: and these are declined,
A
Declensions of possessives derived from the Definitives.
1. Person. SINGULAR
4. Yopu, his or her.
2. Uapuyy » of his.
Be Uopuyacd, to his.
5.
6. Yopuynd; by or with his.
PLURAL
1. Yopuyp, his or her.
2. Yapuyg OF unpuyng » of his.
3. Yapuyg, OY unpuyng » to his.
A. q\japuyus his.
5. 'h Uopuyg » from his.
6. Yapuyafe, by or with his. SINGULAR
1. Yagus, their.
2. Yaguyy» of their.
3. Yaquyacd, to their.
*
5. : 6. Yaguynds by or with their. PLURAL
i. Usguyp ’ their. ¥ 2. Usguyy Or ungquyny ; of their.
Ag 3 Yaguyy OF ungusyny » to their. A. y Yaga ’ their. | 5. 'h Uaguyny y from their. 6. Yoguyadp » by or with their.
2. Person..
SINGULAR
1. Spapey y his or her.
2. Ynpuynys of his.
~ popuupacd, to his.
5.
6. papa y by or with his.
PLURAL
4. {popup » his or her.
2. fpopuyy or spring of his.
3 ‘papas » puypny or 'b opps to his. A. of popuyze ne:
dD. ’f papusyng from his.
6. ‘papuyade by or with his.
SINGULAR
4 « Spngus . their.
2. pagusyry » of their.
Be Spaquyacd, to their.
5 ‘
6. paguyad by or with their.
aR A ci ih i i OS a an ST
ce eee ee ES Te —
aot a 4 "6° 3 - ye a 4348 er Ber
ean io ante hes a 9) | Shar eb tery 105 oat \ : Ah ory” ath 4 5:1 ©
CA TO ot wets
PLURAL” 1. Gaquyp » their. » AR ‘pagquyy OF paguyng y of their. o ‘paguyny or bh Ve ed to their. a qi aguyy » their. 5. f Qsaguyng, from their. 6. ‘paguynid.p ’ by or with their. 3. Person. SINGULAR 1. Uapus, his or her. 2 ° ULopuyy 9 of his. oe ‘Uapuyad, to his. A. 5 > 6. Lapuyads by or with his. PLURAL | 1. ‘Uopuyp, his or her. 2. Upeyy or Lopuyny ’ of his.
3. Yopuyy ) Uapuspng OF fp enprnye , to his.
A. qinpuys » his.
5. A Uapuyry> from his.
6. ‘Lopayrdle ’ by or with his, SINGULAR
_ A. Vagus, their.
2. Wagusyry » of their.
De ‘aguyac, to their.
5. ate
6. Yaquymd], Dy or with their.
h9
50 PLURAL 4 e ‘Laguy , their. 2. ‘Leguyy or Unguyny » of their. De ‘Lequyag Or ‘f tagauyu , tO their. A. qyaguyu » their. 8. 'f agayng , from their. 6. ‘Uaguyale ; by or with their.
Declension of the Pronoun Relative.
SINGULAR
4. fip or 2, who, which, what, that.
2. flgzy, whose, of which.
36 \pocS or wn. op, to whom, to which.
A. gfip» whom. |
8. yNeds or yapey, from whom, from which. 6. f\pad, with or by whom or which.
PLURAL
1. f\ge,» who, which, what, that. 2+ fipay, whose, of which.
Je Ngeg OF an. ape, to which. A. q{\yu > which.
5. yfleag» from which.
6. f\pedg, by or with which.
VERB
The verb signifies to be, to do, or to suf- fer with tense, number and person. Five properties belong to the verb, Kind,
51
Tense or Time, Number, Person and Con- jugation.
KIND
There are four kinds of verbs: Substan- tive, Active, Passive, and Neutral.
The first denotes existence, as, &w; I am. galt; I do exist. The second action, as, an_ aLJ, I do, I make. The third sufferance, as, unfit, 1 am done or made. The fourth the action subsisting in itself, as, apfuuunfrd; I labour. isu, I go. |
There is also another kind called Com- mon, which signifies the action as well as the sufferance, as, pusmnful; I judge, and I am judged.
TENSE
There are three tenses of the verb: the Present, as, gpk; I write. Past, as, gpk gf) 1 wrote; and Future, as, gph-gfgs I shall write.
The past is either Imperfect, as, zpb,, I was writing, or Perfect, as, gpkgf, I wrote.
The ancient grammarians add two other perfect tenses: the Preter-perfect, as, ¢pb-ay_ EW; I have written, and the Preter-plu-per-
fect, as, gph-uy &f,1 had written: but these enses do not necessarily belong to the Ar- menian language.
an ep ee oe
52 NUMBER
The verb has two numbers: Singular, as, gpd; L write, and Plural, as, gphup, we write.
PERSON
The persons are three: First, as, gpbd; I write. Second, as, gp&s, thou writest. and Third, as, gp&, he writes.
CONJUGATION
The variation of a verb in it’s tenses, numbers, and persons is called conjugation.
Conjugation is either Regular or Irregular.
Regular conjugation changes regularly in the termination of the verb without any omission.
The irregular conjugation wants some tense or mood, and is called Defective ; or in some tense or mood deviates from the rule, and is called Devious; or wants the first and second person, and is called Imper- sonal.
MOODS OF THE VERB
The manner of signifying some action is called the Mood. There are four in the re- sular verbs: Indicative, Imperative, Sub- junctive and Infinitive.
When the verb indicates some action, af- firming it simply, it is called the indicative,
53 as, gpk, 1 write. gpkgp, I wrote. gpi-ghg: I shall write.
When it commands or probibits, it is eall- ed imperative, as, zpbui, write thou or do thou write. di gpkp, do thou write not.
When it expresses a suspended action, or dependent upon another verb to complete the sense, it 1s called subjunctive, as, £/A& gplgkd; if 1 write.
When one action is denoted without tense, number or person, the mood is called infi- nitive, as, gpé,, to write.
The indicative has three tenses, with per- sons and numbers. The imperative has two _ tenses: present, and future; it has two num- _ bers, but in the singular has no first person, because he who speaks does not command himself. However in the plural there is a first person, because other persons are ad- dressed and commanded.
The subjunctive has the numbers, and persous perfect: but in the tenses has only the present, and the future, because the Ar- menian language has not properly the past _tense of subjunctive.
The infinitive has neither tense, number, nor person: whence it is used as a noun,
and declined in the singular, and is then called the Gerund.
D4 Example.
SINGULAR
1. Upk,, to write.
2- Dpkyy, of writing.
3. Qpkyy or 'f gpk,, to writing.
A. 7Vpk,, the writing.
8. °b Vpkpy, from writing.
6. 4.pk ym, with or by writing, writing.
The Conjugations of the verbs are four, and are distinguished by the last vowels of their indicatives, which are, t, #, «=, f. |
The indicative of the first conjugation ends with the vowel £, as, gagc-td/; ] move ; of the second with #, as, pacusiwid, I wash ; of the third with »-, as, 9&q--/; I pour out; of the fourth with }, as, aeau£u-d; I learn.
Every conjugation although different in its moods, tenses, numbers and persons, preserves the first syllable of it’s indicative, excepting such verbs as are Devious.
very person and tense of the verb end- ing in + or *, is plural. ¢ is the sign of the first and second person, and * of the third; provided only that + be not the article dis- tinctive of the person, because it then would be singular.
Every verb which terminates in 4, is in the first person; in «, is in the second per- son; verbs ending in ¢ or y, are in the first
or second person; verbs ending in £, #, n=, wy or #,in the third person; and those terminating iny, are in the second and third person.
In every conjugation the future of the in- dicative is formed by adding the letter 4 to the perfect, as, zaupthgf, I moved, 2uptk- gly, 1 shall move. poeunf, I washed, paca gbq, 1 shall wash. $&qb, I poured out, $b gtig, I shall pour out. acuwy, I learned, ac. wuyg, 1 shall learn.
PARTICIPLE
The participle is formed by adding to © the termination of the verb the particles ». or oy (sign of the present), t;, (sign of the past) ,-» or ,f (sign of the future).
As a verb it has tense, and as a noun, cases and numbers.
Example. PRESENT Singular.
1.Q.pnq or gpoq, he who writes, or is writing.
2. Qpaqf, of him who writes.
Be Dpoqh Or wx. gpagu ; to him who writes.
- A. q4paq, him who writes.
So
5. ’b Dpagt, from him who writes. 6. Q.paqu, by or with him who writes.
Plural.
1.4.po7e, those who write, or who are writing. 7
2. Q.pnqusz, of those who write.
as Q.paqery OF wn gpngu, to those who write.
A. q%paqu, those who write.
5.’ Qpaqusy, from those who write.
6. ().paquicp Or gpnqop » by or with those who write.
PAS T
Singular.
1. 9.p£u,, written or wrote.
2. Qpkypy, of written.
3¢ Qpkyy OY an. gplrujh, to written. 4. gpl usu , written. ,
5. Gpkyy, from written.
6. GpE pad, by or with written.
Plural.
1. pbuyp, written or wrote.
2. Qpkyag, of written.
pl yng OY wr gplruye y to written. 4A. fVpleuye » written.
5.6 Gpkjoy, from written.
6. Opkypn].e, by or with written.
FUTURE
The future ending in jy, is declined only with prepositions, as,
Singular.
1. 4.pkjag, to be written. 3. ’f Upkyag, to that to be written. A. g4-pkyng, to be written.
Plural.
4. DpE ge» to be written. 3. Qpkypage, to that to be written. Ae gbpkypagu » to be written.
The future terminated in ,4, is declined thus,
Singular.
1. ph f, to be written.
2. Gpbyew, of that to be written.
3 Qphyery OF um gph, to that to be ‘written.
A. g%pkb, to be written.
Be ‘hs Q.phypegy ’ from that to be written.
6. Qpkjkun, by or with that to be written.
Plural.
1. V-pA ihe » to be written.
2. Q.phjfuy, of that to be written.
3s Qiph Fay or 'h epee yf » to that to be written.
A. g%pkjfba, to be written.
a8 5.’ Q.pkjfuy , from that to be written.
6. pl Fup or gplylop , by or with that
to be written.
Specimen of the four conjugations of the
verbs regular with their moods, tenses, numbers and persons.
INDICATIVE Present. Sing. Pers. Plur. — Pers. 1. Gupd-Ed—Eu-£ : Edlp-Fp—kh : 2. Leeush-wsl—uu-wy : ean tfpp—cssy ,p—usls ° oe Léq-ae 19 2.18— 118. « aw Ip—njp—nch« 4. f cuut—[ul—fu—fr- bp-fp—fu ° Imperfect. 1. Gap F—Ep-Ship bp Sup-bhp-t fi 2 e Lecwt—myf—uyf = QE e wy p—uyh p—ay fit e 3- Léq-ach—ocfip—-y ~ | newp—nefp—nefin Ae (leuwt—LEp—Efp-Epe . £wp-Efp-Chi a2 Perfect. 2. Lecw—gh—gkp-pacung ° qup—ybp—glh- 3. ag kp dey. Ss &. ' Ae {} 1s— tela 9 th e_* piu p—uil * Future. ' |. Guipd—kyfig—kagku-kugk. bagn.p—kufhp-kugkt . 2. Locus —ghg-ugku-ugk . ugne.p—u~hp—ugkh . 3+ Ley hg-ghug5 gotp-Lhe-gth-«
New—ayg—yfu- gf yore—Shp-gbl+
IMPERATIVE Present.
4. Capt bus : Jp sup Fk ° Gupthykp P dj gupt Ep. GarpFtkagk df sap thugk- Guptkhagkh, Uf snp Fhugkh,
‘§ 2. Leeuw ’ df pocwhug . Lecwgkp, dp powuwhunyp * a Lecmugk , df Le ee Lecunugkh ’ dh: pocuugkh 3. Zy, df: Sfqecp: ZAgke » dp: shynep- Lb yg his afi Sega Go 1 fi Skqgktn. - AL (leofp, df: neuutbfiee Luu pit.p , , op ncuwhh ° fleugfi i neugh . leun fit , df: neugtihe Future. = 2. Gupthullip or gupta, GuipF bugicp » eupFEuvlip ’ ghu a 2upthuyk. gupFtbuykh 3. Lae usagi ef or pocwugka F Lecuwugnap 7 peer P [ecu gE. pocuwuykh .
3. diate or Skqyliu, Skq. Lhyginp , Skyflip » Sky. Kin
Ae Nevphie or neu pfs ; Neugeep, neuSfize OF mesuus_ aeogp ° bbflip, meuglih-
‘SUBJUNCTIVE The present is formed like that of indicative.
Future.
A Geet -tobttgte-tgh: katie bake bot
2+ Lecwh—uyghl-ayghu-uygk » mygklp-uyg puget « Je bq-acgned—ne gaeu—negnes acgoedp—negnep-nacgneh °
Ae Meaty fl-fgfu-pgb> bg belp-bghe-bgl'n- INFINITIVE
1. Gupt-b,-
2. Lecut—uy >
3. Lég-aey *
ee + Mai ty or Eye
60
PARTICIPLE ah Present. Gaptoy Or GapFb gay: Lreugays Zéyay> Neuuiroy- Past.
Gupthuys Lacugkay. Lkgkuy> leukuy-
Future.
Gupdlezng or Gut b&b z Lecwiyny or Lacuiusl . Léquny or ‘Leal: flewwtbyng or | Par a
CONJUGATION OF SUBSTANTIVE VERBS
Defective verb &, I am. INDICATIVE
Present.
G4; Lam, &£u, thou art. £, heis. G£, we are. &p, ye are. £u, they are.
Imperfect.
bé> I Was. Eby ’ thou wasl. Ey he was. | Lup, we were. She, ye were. S/n, they were.
IMPERATIVE
‘p> be thou or do thou be. kp) or Epdep, be ye or do ye be.
61 SUBJUNCTIVE
pykd; Lhe. pg&«, thou be. Ag ,he be. bgkup, we be. Pyke, ye be. fgku, they be.
INFINITIVE ty to be. :
PARTICIPLE Past. Gey,» been or having been.
Future.
b/7» which is to be, or about to be.
Comparing this verb with the verb 2ap_ ¢£,,t0 move, of the first conjugation, it is clearly seen, that its conjugation is the basis of the latter.
Defective verb 4»»!, I am or I exist. INDICATIVE Present.
Qin, I am. yn y thou art. ayy he iS. G.odp , We are. gap, ye are. gon, they are.
Imperfect.
Gybps thou wast. typ y he was. q-afu, they were.
62 SUBJUNCTIVE
Future.
Q-ag6, he be, it may be, it would be. Q-arg£%, they be, they may be.
INFINITIVE 4-7, to be, to exist. PARTICIPLE Present. Q-yjaq» being. | The deficiencies of this verb are supplied by the means of the other substantive verbs. The word s+ is used sometimes as a sub- stantive verb, as, sfip bSuyp, I have no hus- band, or I,am without a husband, or I am
not married. neuleuy pT. shies he has ne- ver learned.
*
Substantive verb | Red I am made or done.
INDICATIVE Present.
Gaal, TY am made. Aqutifu, thou art made. Aqui, he is made.
Gyetpdp, we are made. Eqwifp, ye are made. Eyuifu, they are made. :
63 Imperfect.
Gautkp, Twas made, Fquakfp, thou wast made. Equi, he was made.
Gytbup, we were made. E-quitl fp ; ye were made. Aquik fu, they were made.
Perfect.
Ga& or Equy, I have been. Fgkp, thou hast been. &qé., he has been. Gaue, or Eqkup, we have been. Fg&p, or Pet » yehave been. &4%, they have een.
Future.
takyz» I shall be. Agfgfs, thou shalt be. E-gbgf; he shall be.
IMPERATIVE
Present.
UP Equipe, be thou not. &ghgf, let him be. bakpdce, be ye. fi Equip, be ye not. E-ngfofitn, let them be.
SUBJUNCTIVE The present is formed like that of the In- dicative. Future.
Gabgbf or Equinfgfrd, 1 shall be made. Egt_ gf, thou shalt be made. &gégf, he shall be made. _
64
Gabglep or Equinfgfulp, we shall be made.
Falyfe, ye shall be made. Egtgfu, they shall be made.
INFINITIVE Gyuiuf, to be, to be made, to be done. PARTICIPLE Past. &zFu, been, made, done, having been. Future. Gyuiuk png or Equiuk-yf , which is to be.
Substantive verb | #5 I am, I am made. or done.
INDICATIVE Present.
Lfifef, am. phtife, thou art. pbup, he is. Lfafelp, we are. jfifp , ye are. ;fifir, they are. Imperfect. Lfubp, 1 was. phubfe, thou wast. jbukp, he was. -
Lfubup, we were. ;bikhp, ye were. puke fu, they were.
65 Future. Légft; 1 shall be. pégfu, thou shalt be. phgf> he shall be.
Lég7sp> we shall be. wighe Ov jb9be» ye shall be. ;f9/% , they shall be.
IMPERATIVE Present.
lp, be thou. off pipe, be thou not. gbgf, let him be.
lfe» or (Epc, » be ye. fi (life » be tet not. jhgfim , let them be.
Future.
Lédtip or pbUupSlip or pbgfia, be thou. gbgfts let him be.
Légeep, let us be. b9lip, or pbubPlie, be ye. jigfiu , \et them be.
SUBJUNCTIVE Present is like that of the Indicative. Future.
1 fiepgbds | be or may be. ipgfs, thou be. tlufgp, he be.
1 fufgfdp » we be. (lif: ghp » ye be. plufigfi , they be.
INFINITIVE
LftF,, to be.
3*
66 PARTICIPLE
Present.
| fing, being.
| Past.
[uy or bu, , been, haying been. Future.
| fuk yay or pfu, which is to be.
FIRST CONJUGATION
Active C pdtp To move.
INDICATIVE
Ae+p'{? Ln - Present.
& cox ited I move. areas thou movest. zupthy he moves. Guptidp, we move. REE Pt ye move. a ral they move. : ys Imperfect. Tupth fr, I moved or was moving. unpre Mes +f, thou movedst or wast moving, zap er o£, he moved or was moving. om TGupthup, we moved or were moving. 4 2upé bhp, ye moved or were moving, gue evn bfu, they moved or were moving.
67
Y4de Perfect. ei
Guptkgp, | moved. guapéhgkp, thou mo- _., Vedst. guptéhug,he moved. © betinnd Egup , we moved. gupdt E-ofp » ye moy- | ed, 2zuptkgfi, they moved. at OM
As we have remarked above, the Preter- perfect, and Preter-plu-perfect are not pro- perly formed in the Armenian language, be- cause when the necessity occurs, they are , accustomed to join the participle to the other | tenses of the vert simmeanttte: | ene |
Bae Gee
Guptkafy , I shall move, qupdti-ugku, thou “ shalt move. 2apdéhugl, he shall move. “?~ Gupdkugup, we shall move. zuptkulfp, ye shall move. zguapékugkt, they shall move. 4 ta ta \ah &
M ser IMPERATIVE Ore ite
Present. ‘ais
Guptéu:, move thou. df 2up¢ékp, move thou not. quptiugh , let him move.
Guptkylp, move ye. df 2upé£p, move ye
NOL. sup+Eugk'h, let them move.
The negative particle Jf, not, is also placed with the third person of the present, and before all the persons of the future in every conjugation.
638 Future. Guptkoflip or gupthogh's, move thou. 2up- fE-ugl!, let him move. Cups Fugicp ’ let uS smmove. guipd Eulip move ye. gespt Eugkhh , let them move. SUBJUNCTIVE
The present is like that of the Indicative. Future.
Gupthgkd, 1 move, I may, might, could, should, would move. p:upéfgku, thou move, etc. 2up¢fyt, he move, ete.
Cupdthgidp, we move, etc. zupdhgkp, ye move, etc. :updf/gka, they move, etc.
The future of the indicative, of the impe- rative, and of the subjunctive from their af- finity are adopted by turns in all the four conjugations.
INFINITIVE
Gapt&,, to move.
PARTICIPLE Present. Gupd-ng OF geupckgeyz, moving, who. moves. “Past. Gupthuy oF oaspi Realetal 5 having moved.
69 Future. Gupdtkjyoy, which has to move.
All the verbs active and neuter-active, which in the first person of the perfect end in £5! Or st, are thus conjugated; and also the verbs Transitive ending in »yf.
Passive C »pdty To be moved.
The Passive of the. first conjugation is formed by changing the ¢ in the last syllable of the Active into BS the “f into Hm IS the fy into «yy: besides a few other variations. —
INDICATIVE Present.
Gupths, 1 am moved. zgupdéfu, thou art moved. zap¢f, he is moved.
Gupthdp,we are moved. gupdtfp, ye are moved. g:upéf/u, they are moved.
Imperfect.
Gapth fp, 1 was moved. zuapékfp, thou wast moved. 2uptbyp Or gup¢fep, he was moved.
GuptLup , we were moved. gust E hp , ye were moved. zupdéf fiz, they were moved.
70 Perfect.
Guptkyuy, | have been moved. guapdéh gusty thou hast been moved. upd Equi , he has been moved. ,
Guptkgup, we have been moved. gup¢-h_ guyp, ye have been moved. gupcékguit , they have been moved.
Future.
Gupt E-quiyy »1 shall be moved. quapht E-ugfu ’ thou shalt be moved. gap¢bugf, he shall be moved. |
GuptEugnep , we shall be moved. guapid fa She» ye shall bo moved. suptbugfi, they
shall be moved.
IMPERATIVE
Present.
Gupthulg OY puptkyfp, be thou moved. ffi supthp, be thou not moved. gupéhu_ gl, let him be moved.
Gupdtk-guyiep, be ye moved. ff! rupchp, be ye not moved. supp Lunghi , let them be moved. 7
Future.
GuptEullip or guupt hSligr y be thou moved. guiptEugft, let him be moved.
Gapdt Fugicp ; let us be moved. guspt hip be ye moved. pupcékugft, let them be moved.
71 SUBJUNCTIVE
Present is like that of the Indiéative.
Future.
Guptfgld, i shall be moved. guapt fof, thou shalt be moved. guap¢fgf, he shall be moved.
Gupthyfdp, we shall be moved. gupéf_ gle» ye shall be moved. zeapdéfgfi, they shall be moved. .
INFINITIVE GupFt fy or gupt Ey to be moved.
PARTICIPLE Past. Gauptiuy or quipdtEegkuy moved, being moved. Future. GuptE& jag OF 2uptkif, which is to be moved.
In this manner many Neuter-passive and Common verbs are conjugated.
SECOND CONJUGATION Active | »=«%«,, To wash.
INDICATIVE
Present.
Jocatial, I wash. pecan , thou washest. poeuttay , he washeth.
Jocuttundp, we wash. pucuiiuyp, Ye wash. pocuiiuils , they wash.
Imperfect.
Jocufinyf, Y washed or was washing. pacar Guyfp, thou washedst or wast washing. poeufiuyp , he washed or was washing.
| |reufimyarp, we washed or were washing.
pocuttuyhp, ye washed or were washing.
pucuituyfit, they washed or were washing.
Perfect.
Lacasgf, I washed. poral, thou washedst. poeusy , he washed.
Jocmgmp, we washed. pacunfp, ye washed. pocwy fis, they washed.
Future.
Loc aug py j shall wash. pocumyglto ihou shalt wash. pocunugl, he shall wash.
facusugacp , we shall wash. pocuuSfs » ye shall wash. poem Eh , they shall wash.
IMPERATIVE Present and Future.
Jocui ’ pocuud lip » OF pocuugl'e ’ wash thou. fi jocuiwa, Wash thou not, pacusugl’, let him wash.
Jacuuygritp , let us wash. pocuglp » OF paemsu_ Slie, wash ye. pacumyl'n , let them wash.
~ SUBJUNCTIVE
Future.
Jocutiuygkd; wash, may wash, might wash, I could, should, would wash. pacusiayglru , thou wash, eic. jacutuygl, he wash, etc.
Lacuttaygl dp » we wash. pocuituyg hp » ye wash. pocustiuygkt , they wash.
INFINITIVE
Jacwius to wash. PARTICIPLE
Present. Jacasgag, washing, who washes. Past. Locugkuy, haying washed. Future. ocu‘tusjag, who has to wash.
Thus also are conjugated the verbs, which in the first person of the Perfect ter- minate in yw.
5
Th
Passive |] »=«%t., To be washed. INDICATIVE Present.
Locatifl, 1 am washed. jacu‘tfu, thou art washed. jae, he is washed.
Locutifp, we are washed. jacwifp, ye are washed. jacwi fi, they are washed.
Perfect.
FIL ELST ELI] | have been washed. pocugusy ; thou hast been washed. pocungue ; he has been washed.
Locusguip ; we have been washed. pecungusyp ; e have been washed. jacusgust , they have een washed.
Future.
Jocuguyy » I shall be washed. an thou shalt be washed. jacumgf, he shall be washed. ’ |
meuugnep, WE § all be washed. pocumblip ;
i ye shall be washed. sacwuy/i, they shall be washed.
IMPERATIVE
Present and Future.
Jocus, pormgfip or pocuml |i ' be thou washed.
pocuug ft, let him be washed.
»
75 ocumgricp, let us be washed. pacumffip, be ye washed. pacamyfii , ct them be washed.
SUBJUNCTIVE
Lacufiuyg ful, I may be washed. pocuiiauyy, uy thou may est be washed. jacutuuygf, he may be washed.
Jacutiuygfdp, we may be washed, pacufinuy_
~ gbe» may be washed. jacusimygfit , they
may be washed. INFINITIVE Lacwiif,, to be washed. PARTICIPLE Past. Jecuglh-uy, washed. Future.
[oc ufiuyf:, which is to be washed.
The Passives of the second ee are not so harmonious to the ear, whence they are sometimes formed by means of the verbs substantive, or the actives are adopted with a passive sense.
THIRD CONJUGATION
Active Sty,» To pour out. INDICATIVE
Present.
ff qu; 1 pour out. gégqeeu, thou pourest out. $&gaz, he pours out.
2fqndp, we pour out. $fqacp, ye pour oul. $&qac%, they pour out.
_ Imperfect.
2&quf,\ poured out or was pouring out. Séqacfp, thou pour’dst out or wast pou- ring out. ¢£qy,, he poured out or was pouring out.
2i-quup, we poured out or were pouring oul. $£-qachp, ye poured out or were pour- ing out. 9&qa-fz, they poured out or were pouring out.
Per fect.
2£of, 1 poured out. g&qép, thou pour’dst oul. £Siq or $7, he poured out.
2fqup, we poured out. s4ghp, ye poured oul. $&f%, they poured out.
Future.
2h-qbg,1 shall pour out. ¢4qg&«, thou shalt pour out. $4qg4, he shall pour out.
ae rea
77
EEqgup, we shall pour out. s/he» ye shall pour out. $4qg&%, they shall pour out.
IMPERATIVE
Present and Future
bbq) SEqplips or S&qgku, do thou pour oul. df S&qaep, do thou not pour out. skqgF, let him pour out.
Lk qgdep, let us pour out. s&ake, or oq Sie, do ye pour out. fi $&q.p, do ye not pour out. $éqgé%, let them pour out.
SUBJUNCTIVE Future.
LE qaegacJ; 1 pour out, I may, might, could, should, would pour out. $&qacgacu, thou pour out, etc. Géqaegae, he pour out, etc.
Li-qacgncdp, we pour oul, etc. SF qncgnce » ye pour out, $&qacga-%, they pour out.
INFINITIVE Liga, to pour out. PARTICIPLE Present. LE-qnq, pouring out. Past. Sf-qkuy, having poured out.
78 Future. 2&qung, who has to pour out.
In this manner also are conjugated the verbs which in the first person of the Perfect terminate in #) or tw.
Passive <t7+t1, To be poured out.
INDICATIVE Present.
2 quinful, 1 am poured out. $&qutifu, thou art poured out. $&usif, he is poured out.
SF quitflp, we are poured out. 9hquinfp, ye are poured out, ¢4quéfu, they are poured out.
Perfect.
2fquy, I have been poured out. géqup, thou hast been poured out. ¢&quze, he has been poured out.
2fqup, we have been poured out. $F quyps ye have been poured out. $&qui, they have been poured out. |
Future.
E-quyg, 1 shall be poured out. ¢$&qgfu, : thou shalt be potired out. $£qg9f, he shall be poured out. . 2i-qgu.p,we shall be poured out. sé 7Pfp, ye shall be poured out. $4q9/u, they shall be poured out.
79 IMPERATIVE
Ek glip or S&qgfiu, be thou poured out. Sk-qyf', \et him be poured out.
Lk quyiep or S&qfligsbe ye poured out. Si-ngf'u, let them be poured out.
INFINITIVE
2£f-quiufy,, to be poured out.
PARTICIPLE Past. 2 ykuy, poured out. Future. Ln, which is to be poured out.
The deficiencies of the third conjugation passive are supplied from it’s active.
FOURTH CONJUGATION
Common verb (}-««*t,, To learn.
INDICATIVE
Present.
(\eautefl, | learn. acuustefus y thou learnest. ocuuif, he learns. |
QleumBfdp, we learn. acuuitsfip ye learn. ouuiifii, they learn.
80 Imperfect.
Qeouwtlf, 1 learned or was learning. ewes aLpp, thou learnedst or wast learning. newuttp, he learned or was learning.
{\cvwtlap, we learned or were learning. nuuitkhp, ye learned or were learning. nemutl fn, they learned or were learning.
Perfect.
flew, Lhave learned. samp, thou hast learned. uu, he has learned.
(\eump, we have learned. scvuyp, ye have learned. acuuwt, they have learned.
Future.
Q\leeuyg, 1 shall learn. aceghe, thou shalt learn. acugf, he shail learn.
— fJeugarp, we shall learn. muSlip ye shall
learn. ocuyfir, they shall learn.
IMPERATIVE >
Present.
Neufip » learn thou. elf ncuuitsfyp y learn thou not. scuv9f, let him learn. }
Q\euupricp do ye learn. ffi neuuitfyp ’ do ye
~ not learn. acugf'%, let them learn. |
Future.
NeuDlips or acuutpSlip learn thou. acunfi, let him learn.
81
Nlevgdep, let us learn. acuffip or acauiufPlip 5 do ye learn. acug/%, let them learn.
SUBJUNCTIVE
The Present is like that of the Indicative.
Future.
\\euuipopd, 1 learn, may, might, could, should, would learn. acuutifryfs thou learn, etc. acuutipgf, he learn, ete.
lewuBpgfdp, we learn. acuwipgfp, ye learn. nuwipgft, they learn.
INFINITIVE [leu fry » or neuuitley to learn.
PARTICIPLE Present. {\euuiag, learning, who learns.
Past. N\leokuw,, having learned. Future. Qeuutbjpng OY acvutul-f, who has to learn.
Thus are also conjugated the common verbs which in the first person of the Per- fect terminate in 4~,.
They are at the same time active and passive.
5*
82 Conjugations of the Irregular verbs.
ACTIVE INDICATIVE
Present.
Yank, 1 make. wna%ku, thou makest. an ab, he makes.
Urikdp, we make. antkp, ye make. wn
. tku , they make.
Perfect.
Upeuph, I have made. supply y thou hast made. «up, he has made.
INFINITIVE
U.aE,, to make, to do.
PARTEOIOLE Present. | Upeupog or wnSing, making, who makes. Past. Ugepl-u,, haying made, making. Future.
UGE jag, who has to make.
83
PASSIVE INDICATIVE
Present.
UeGful; I am made. wa%fu, thou art made. wn, he is made.
Ueufulp, we are made. uniifp, ye are made. unhfi, they are made.
Perfect.
Uyuyuy, T have been made. wpupasp , thou hast been made. apaynue, he has been made.
Upupmp , we have been made. wpurxpuyp , ye have been made. upupuis, they have been made.
INFINITIVE UzGf,, to be made. PARTI oIpLE Past. . Upeupkuy, ( not ayupk-gkuy ) made. Future. Urtkyf or wniskpng , which is to be made.
84 ACTIVE
INDICATIVE | Present. | uk; I put. guke, thou putst. 2u£, he puts. ‘pulp, we put. gikp, ye put. gith, they put. | - Perfect.
Geb, T have put. Agfp or Eykn, thou hast. ‘put. £7, he has put.
Geue, we have put. Azfe, ye have put. Ey fi, they have put.
INFINITIVE ‘ik, , to put, to place. PARTICIPLE Present. Pio, putting. | Past. Gzu, having put. Future. ‘pik jag, who has to put. PASSIVE
INDICATIVE
Present.
uff, 1 am put. gifu, thou art put. up, he is put.
85
‘hipdp, we are put. gufp, ye are put. gufi, they are put. |
Per fect.
Geuy, I have been put. Egewp, thou hast beenfput. Azuue., he has been put.
Geuwp, we have been put. Fguyep, ye have been put, Agu, they have been put. _
INFINITIVE = if,» to be put. PARTICIPLE Past. bea, (not zphgtu; ) put. Future. ik-b or gulyag, which is to be put. ACTIVE INDICATIVE
Present.
Je&d; 1 hear. jwku, thou hearest. juf, he hears.
lwkdp, we hear. juke, ye hear. juka, they hear. »
Perfect.
[ocuy I heard, pocurpy thou heard. poe, he heard. |
86
Jace, we heard. gacayp, ye heard. pacusi, they heard.
INFINITIVE lv£,, to hear. PARTICIPLE ; Present. waz, hearing, who hears. Past. ]ec&uy, having heared, hearing. Future. Jwk jag, who has to hear.
PASSIVE INDICATIVE Present.
Joful; I am heard. jufu, thou art heard. uf, he or it is heard.
~ lupdp, we are heard. jufp, ye are heard.
wef, they are heard.
~ Perfect.
Is formed by means of the Substantive © verb, as, : LocEuy , wkyb ’ acy Or sac Eyl, I have been heard. pac k-uy E-qkp, thou hast been heard. pfu >., he has been heard.
87
LocFuy; Ets acp OP pac E-quip ; we have been heard. jackuy Eq&p, ye have been heard. pacEuy &-q&%, they have been heard.
INFINITIVE lef, to be heard. PARTICIPLE Past. Joc fuy, heard. Future. JuE,f, which is to be heard.
This verb is also regular.
ACTIVE
INDICATIVE
Present.
Ruttauskwl, I know. Nuits Eu ’ thou know- est, Atminusk , he knows. |
Autinuskdp we know. NiusttuusEp ye know. Nusinuskt , they know.
Perfect.
Quiik-uy , 1 have known. Suid-wp , thou hast known. SwHl-ux., he has known.
Quiil-up, we have known. Swthkuyp, ye
_. have known. dwifuin , they have known.
88 IMPERATIVE
Auitius£,, to know. PARTICIPLE Present. Auiuusog, knowing, who knows. Past. Qutinegl-uy, having known.
Future.
Awiuskyog, who has to know.
PASSIVE INDICATIVE Present.
Autnusful, 1am known. Xwinusfu, thou art known. Aiuwinssf, he is known.
Aufinasfolp, we are known. Xuiushp, ye are known. %aaush%, they are known.
Perfect.
Qutimgkuy Ege, have been known. du tacgkuy kgkp, thou hast been known. Suttacykuy bg, he has been known.
Qutiacgkuy Equp, we have been known. Suitneghuy k-gkp, ye have been known. Suineghuy E-gku, they have been known.
89.
INFINITIVE Au‘inusf,, to be known. PARTICIPLE
Past. Yuiunc glu known.
This verb is also regular.
NEUTER
INDICATIVE
Present.
Whqutiskd, 1 sin. dé&-quitsku, thou sinnest. H-quinsk, he sins.
WE quitskudp, we sin. di-quinskp, ye sin. dk quitsslt y they sin.
Perfect.
Wkquy, 1 have sinned. /&qup, thou hast sinned. «qu, he has sinned.
UWkqup, we have sinned. /-quyp, ye have sinned. /-qui, they have sinned.
INFINITIVE WEquinsk,, to sin. PARTICIPLE Present. | PE quiisnq, sinning, who sins.
90 Past. We gqaugkuy having sinned. Future. WF quinskjag, who has to sin.
This verb is also regular.
NEUTER INDICATIVE
Present.
Buntkd; I rise. yurit-u , thou risest. juin. ue, he rises.
Sunikip, we rise. yunikp, ye rise. jum uk , they rise. |
Perfect.
Supkuy, 1 have been risen, I rose. jus gFwp, thou hast been risen. juphu, he has been risen.
Seupl-up , we have been risen. Jul uyp y ye have been risen. jupkuim, they have been risen.
IMPERATIVE
Uf, rise thou. «ft yunilep, rise thou not. Uple» rise ye. df yuntkp , rise ye not. INFINITIVE
Sunil, to rise, to get up.
Se eee, ee ae
91 PARTICIPLE
Past. Supacgkuy, risen, having been risen. Future. Sunikpg , who is to rise.
ACTIVE
INDICATIVE Present.
Sant; I give. ume, thou givest. unuy » he gives. Sunfp, we give. unuy.p» Ye give. units y they give. ; Per fect. Gan, I have given. Fuacp, thou hast given. Ew, he has given. So.mp, we have given. Eump, ye have given. Funm%, they have given. INFINITIVE Suzy» to give. | PARTICIPLE Present. Sacnq, giving, who gives. Past. Sacfuy, having given.
92 Future.
Sug, who has to give.
PASSIVE
INDICATIVE
Present.
Sac uy pluful; I am given. Te ie plifu ’ thou art given. wackuy ,f%p, he is given. Sukuy jfipdp, we are given. wmkuy pb
hp; ye are given. wnacl-usy j[itfit they are given.
Perfect.
Sacuy, I have been given, wacump, thou hast been given. waewe, he has been given. Socmp, We have been given. macupp, Ye
1P J have been given. wneuwt, they have been given.
INFINITIVE Sakuy ful, to be given. PARTICIPLE | Past. Sockusy, given. Future. Sut, which is to be given.
at i i i I il et
| 93 NEUTER | INDICATIVE
Present.
Quant; L come. zuu, thou comest. guy» he cometh.
Quunfp, we come. guyps ye come. gui, they come.
Perfect.
4b, 1 was come. F4fp, thou wast come. Eiji, he was come. G4up, we were come. F4fp, ye were come. ELfu, they were come.
INFINITIVE
G-u,, to come.
PARTICIPLE Past. G4bu,, come, being come. Future. Q.27, who is to come.
ACTIVE
INDICATIVE Present.
leuk; I eat, acunku, thou eatest. nacmk ; he eats.
94
Newhdp, we eat. mnkp, ye eat. ankir, they eat.
Perfect.
Gbps or KE pus » I have eaten. hE nkp » Or hE gps thou hast eaten. £44 p, or 4& jue, he has eaten.
YFpup, we have eaten. hEpuyp, or hephp,
ye have eaten. 4&pf% or 4k put, they have eaten.
INFINITIVE {\ewé,, to eat.
PARTICIPLE Present. poz, eating, who eats. Past. plu, eating; having eaten. Future. N\eunk-yng , who has to eat.
PASSIVE
INDICATIVE Present.
N\eenful, 1 am eaten. aeunfu, thou art eaten.
| acunfs he is eaten.
f\eunfedfp , we are eaten. nciunfip ye are eaten. amp, they are eaten.
te ee
Hs) Perfect.
Yfpkuy F_l, I have been eaten. hE pleas Et, thou hast been eaten, 4&phuy Eqh, he has been eaten.
kpkuy Equp, we have been eaten. 4&- pu, Eqkp, ye have been eaten, 4k pha Eka, they have been eaten.
INFINITIVE f\emf,, to be eaten. PARTICIPLE Past. GE pfu, eaten. | Future. Nlewk-f or 4Ep,f, which is to be eaten.
ACTIVE
INDICATIVE
Present. CiigkS, 1 drink. pefyku, thou drinkest. put mE, he drinks. Pilinkdp, we drink. puigkp, ye drink, pit uli y they drink.
Perfect.
Ucebs L drank. wpebp, thou drankest. ape. or Supe, he drank.
Ugewp, we drank. wpefp, ye drank. ap. efi, they drank. "
96 INFINITIVE (wiyk,, to drink. PARTICIPLE (shige, drinking, who drinks, Past.
Ciliykuy or Ugebwz,, drunk or drunken; having drunk.
Future. (lily, who is to drink.
The passive is formed with a Substantive verb.
COMMON INDICATIVE
Present.
NeupS; 1 take, acifu, thou takest. otf,
he takes. \euprlp , we take. aciafrp ye take. ach ; they take.
Perfect.
Yayuy, | have taken, 4eayup, thou hast taken. 4usyu, he has taken.
Yuya, we have taken. fuyuye, ye have taken. 4usuit, they have taken. |
puta, they went or they are gone.
97 INFINITIVE
N\eiky, to take, to have. PARTICIPLE Present. (\-inq, taking, having, who has. 7 Past. Yuku, taken, had ; taking, having. Future.
Q\eik;f or ncukpng, who has to take or to have.
NEUTER
INDICATIVE Present.
belt-anl; 1 go. Ep[d-um, thou goest. EplFay, - he goes. ~ belF undp » WE 20, Ep[d-uyp, ye £0. Ep[duit , they go. Perfect.
Qapay, OY saguy, | went or Lam gone. ga_ pup, thou wentest or art gone. sepuc, he went or is gone.
Qupup, we went, etc. sapuyp, ye went, sn
6
98 Rae INFINITIVE
Geld, to go. | PARTICIPLE Present. Gelt-aq, going, who goes. Past. beld-fu, gone; going. Future. bpld-uyag or Ep[d-uf, who is to go.
VERBS IMPERSONAL
Those verbs are called Impersonal which are used only in the third person, as,
Uy, it begins to cloud.
Uap, it rains.
Gok , it rains little.
Lf qk qunl,, it comes pouring, it runs over. Qfrat, it snows.
Aung uy[P, , it shines.
Ueuouwl,, it begins to be day-light. Wee » it blows very hard. Payyunuh EF ’ it lightens. Qaquekpl, it produces fruit. x%;E, it bellows, it roars. Yughundl , it howls.
fran, it bellows, it roars.
wan
99
Ug, it clears up.
Ueunomuiiuy ,» it dawns.
Gok feyutiy , it darkens.
Q./2kputiuy , it is become night.
Jocuuiiny , it brightens.
Jose puitiay » it Srows dusky.
2 puttuy » it kindles.
(\pouay ’ it thunders.
Usp, itis reported, they say. 4 4~
Grkf» it appears, it seems. 4 rm MMe
(onc f, it seems. AS Woe upSf, tis believed, it is thought. ¢ Bar aho. Ju, it is noised abroad. Satin ce Lesuutul: OY Susnmutifr, it happens, it falls out, | Manne, it happens. nt agen * Lutigfup, it happens. <4 95 e Ye Qfunf, it must, it behoves. 4. de Suck or gucfs : it pains. ‘ iss Wal &, it becomes, it is fit. BY; Updult £, it is convenient, it becomes. YUSimp &, it is impossible. Piuperp &, it is good, it is well. Jofew E, it is hard.
ull E, or hutdp ku, it is wished, it wills. Euiph, &, it must, it is necessary. —
—
— — A
Wuipld E, it may be. i : te Buipn &, it is clear. AA ts Zuln &, it is enough, it sufficies. “~~ Nuspun E, it must. Att AL ’ $55, Wal, &, it is fit, itis proper. ¥ se
UYLunp Eb , it must, if is necessary. Wye Opkit & or ophip bi, ’tis lawful, it allows. rei £3 Cs hae
| TTR { ood J ite."
‘7
100 ie, > ot ““ Re i(J- £, it is cared for. \ i ge Bete Opel E, it is expedient: B*
"h zhu E, it is suitable, it is convenient, it becomes, it is fit.
: ¥ oF =
PREPOSITION
A preposition is an indeclinable word or particle which placed before a noun changes either it’s case, or it’s signification.
The prepositions which change the cases of nouns are called Formers of cases.
The prepositions which change the mean- ing of nouns by governing their cases, are called Rulers of cases.
Prepositions ’},),’s y and #— ’s form the Dative and the Ablative.
{3}, y are placed before the vowels.
|" forms the Dative.
, forms the Dative. Before a consonant it is pronounced sp, as, yey.
forms the Accusative. Before a con- sonant it was formerly pronounced 4¢, but at present it is pronounced ¢4-
(‘«. forms the Dative and the Ablative.
According tothe modern usage the Prepo- sitions forming the cases j,4 and 4 are writ- ten prefixed and joined to nouns, and the others detached from them.
101
A COLLECTION OF PREPOSITIONS
Uz» an.'f, to, unto, towards, at: by, near, nigh: for, 2 the sake, on account: on, — upon: under: against: amongst. govern the dative, the genitive, and the instru- mental cases. :
(iy, with: by: instead: for: under: between: to, unto, towards: on, upon: amongst. go- verns the genitive, the dative, the abla- tive, and sometimes the instrumental.
(un, according: for: out: without: after. go- verns the genitive, the dative, and the ablative.
9 pg. or q&epld-, as, like. governs the accu- sative.
bees beple or bepac, as, like, about. govern generally the accusative. .
(uwpy or [Puhy, without, out, unless. go- verns the genitive.
Yuut , for, in order to, concerning. governs the genitive.
‘Pui, than, much. governs the accusative.
Gils see Puy:
UW/ts or dfs, till, untill, to, unto. governs the dative with a preposition.
Luitgkp&, with, by. governs the instru- mental.
4p, over, above, upon, more, before, past.
governs generally the accusative, and
sometimes the dative. 6*
102
M£u, as, like, governs the genitive and the dative.
Q-aciul,, as, like. governs the genitive and the dative.
4; towards. governs the dative.
You or 4agifs, towards. govern the dative- with-preposition.
Qunf, till, untill, unto. governs the instru- mental.
Garp), pac pPutinuhfs, about, around. govern the circumdative.
Ugeupu, mupunurpry out. sovern the geni- tive or the accusative with sm.
Ppafuuts, ffausiush, instead, mbehalf. govern the genitive.
‘vepey or ’b tippy, under. govern the ge- nitive.
’h dEpuy, on, upon. governs the genitive.
’h dip, depy or ’b fEpry, over, above. go- vern the dative, or the accusative with purl o
’h JEP or ’f pit, in, into, in the middle, within, between, amongst. govern the ge- nitive. —
'h WhPa, from the middle. governs the ge- nitive.
’h hn, by. governs the genitive.
Soph, as, like, governs the genitive.
OSkin, Skinfp, ghup, after, behind. govern the genitive.
Sagqugu OF usqusyuse ; for, for the sake, be- cause of. govern the genitive.
: + ee ee a ee on ee
103
, Pp agunnXMuaw OF apumNunue, for, for the
sake, because, of. govern the genitive.
"hb Sunfiup, on account, for. governs the ge- nitive.
UYushu orf uuhe, because of, for, on ac- count. govern the genitive.
’h wkuw, for. governs the genitive.
Gull or pug ws, ON the right side. £0- vern the genitive.
"h Ausf! or pur &usfull, yusEye or pur uSi4b, on the left side. govern the ge- nilive. AAG
Pius OY euyg, out, without, besides, except. govern the ablative.
Sunn, aside. governs the ablative.
Zkaf, far, far off: governs the ablative.
Quaqin, secretly. governs the ablative.
Nps, apart, aside. governs the ablative.
‘ftuic, God forbid. governs the ablative.
Lacy, dips, dom, near, nigh, by. govern the dative.
fz, conjoint, connected, with. governs the dative.
Oz, joint, with. governs the dative.
‘dius , like. governs the dative.
Luhunmh, against. governs the dative.
ofuuplh, instead of. governs the dative.
Usui, without, out, besides, unless. go- verns the genitive. |
Uempfr.in front, before. governs the genitive.
Gummy, before, from before. governs the genilive. |
104
[iz usw), against. governs the genitive.
CA/PEp or uapi[Pkp, near, mgh, by. go- vern the genitive and the dative.
(iz7£s, against. governs the genitive and the dative.
VEL pag kd; pkl? yutiiy fubiatis, Subay been , in front, against, opposite. govern the ge- nitive and the dative.
Bung flu, before, in front. governs the ge- nitive and the dative.
Us uit flisitn Or usar putin [rss ’ bef ore, in front, evidently, publicly. govern the
. genitive and the dative.
WE facuf:, apart, aside. governs the ablative.
Suyulae,on this side. governs the genitive.
G7 4iyu or puypulas » ON that side ; beyond, behind. govern the genitive.
Sunm? hay, forwards. governs the geni- tive.
Shun hry, back, backward, behind. governs the genitive.
’h d&p ho, onward. governs the genitive.
"bP quyp Yayo, downward, downwards. go- verns the genitive.
poy fepy or gh ph f&prys above, higher, over than, govern the dative and the abla- tive.
Ape, as, like. governs generally the ac- . cusative.
be patsy’ fepy puts, ele t dey pul,
above, higher, over than, govern the aceu-
salive.
105
Uaeueky puts, over, above, more than. go- verns the accusative.
Uigp put, beyond, further. governs the ac- cusative.
Sunw) putt OF tufu puit before, first than. govern the accusative.
Upuupy put Or supp put , out. than. govern the accusative. |
Skuny pair, after than. governs the accu- sative. Some prepositions are rarely placed after
ihe nouns.
ADVERB
An Adverb denotes the circumstances of a verb, or of an action.
A COLLECTION OF ADVERBS
Utd way S-shie » aesptegy quay fr » how, at present, actually, newly, recently.
Uj¢44%, already, hence, from this time.
U.j4op or ‘fs ul-phE-uit ; 'f ub ph East uIL AL fy to-day, in this day.
Yuqgfr, to-morrow.
Gk or ykpk hu, yesterday.
Geaing or prauiiyts, the day before yes- terday.
[uy Epl4u, in the evening, towards the evening.
106
Vek ebs ebokpuju or yefakpuju, by night, in the night, in the night time.
OdhJuenepe. » at noon-day.
Yuq pul, early, betimes.
Ujgeort OP eayyncg y in the morning,
Yargq a_pliin, furnace. hu, hb ED | ’ alreardy.
BuyulSbink oY uayuncShunl , henceforth, henceforward, hereafter.
Sopll slink , since.
BE uny ; ghifr , CLs LAY ULE after, after ape
breFiti or di-p[F-, sometimes, now and then, from time to time.
ber, Ene.» ptaud, lfins when, while, whilst.
Vion » puss pupetanl, LL gubul ; ypald, yuukin, always, ever, conti- nually, every moment, evermore, for ever, eternally.
Fn, alr n. hu, unushyeuse fits y yet, still.
Uhisgka, wju fus, when, while, whilst, as long as. | Ufisi, till, untill.
OL, sh hu; elfigsle. not, not yet, not as yet.
Sujit unt, then.
Hus; id-unf; till then.
Wdunlir iujis, ofudunhujn, anjfuS kun, forth- with, very soon, in a moment, immediate- ° ly, incontinently.
Sulthups, puthup Sneun, bdr neslcigiBon sud- denly, on a sudden, all of a sudden, unawares, in an unexpected manner.
107
Upews Enpugumbu, efrry[d , soon, as soon as, quickly, speedily, readily.
a Qe hastily, in haste.
Zacy Sacupypiy sacs presently, shortly, by and by, forthwith.
Lumfie., Supe. pili, scarce, scarcely.
buhay, pul L. ful immediately, incontinent- ly, forthwith, instantly.
Usuguit , uur wits ac ple if ’ late, unseason- ably.
Nep oc pli, scarcely, rarely.
Sushuse ’ enustyase anes fps. » est. wus ty eese. wurst ’ by little and little, by degrees.
Yeu or muitos , here.
Usunlt, hence; here ; in this world.
UYyunfr, wuuneom, hence, from hence.
U.yer> here. .
U.jee4t, here, hitherward; by this way:
U.s/, thence, from thence.
Ue» mypyputtoy , there.
Ur?» wiley ps wil uibop or witunulos 5 there.
Uuz4u, thence, there: forthwith.
ULunf , wilepneon ’ thence, therefrom.
UZ pump, thence, from, since.
Sus u hnyus on this side.
Bujthoys, on that side.
Upeupe, 'f et out, abroad.
bp ikppu, tkppy, within, inwardly.
Li nf, ‘hs emg) 'h gurglrusy far, afar, far off.
"h Geugocum ; 'f SFauumouiil, , from afar P froma great distance.
108
Yon, 'f dowry, near, nearly, at hand, closely.
Yungl , fh unople 'f dfunyp below, under, hereunder, beneath.
'h gEp, ’b kp atigp, up, upon, above, hereupon. :
hb f&pacmn, from above.
fey» me puilop ’ where.
fleg npkp, where.
Qleunkp, from some place.
Udit neunkp , from every places.
GusnuPry puny) haul, , from before.
Gunny, after, back, backward, behind.
BEiunacum ’ peu faculty ’ hs [(Ffhuiig i from behind.
Ba, J hazy; per mts where, which way.
U.yere» somewhere else, elsewhere, in another place.
U.ypocum 1 elsewhere, from another place. |
Ufattqgud, usm. ne dh, wn. dp tary, once, at one time.
Gedy» twice.
Geb: thrice. Qopfge , four times over.
Ling fqu, five times over.
jAgpgu, six limes over.
‘Luz, Dasfu unuSlit , Td first, at first, the first time, in the first place, at the beginning, before.
belenpe) unyu , secondly, after, then.
409
UP — dpe, one — another, first — in the se- cond place. és
‘Pp atipgu, putipge wig unl, how often, how much time, how many times.
Pagaed ust usd y meauhf ’ pusXus furs hfs ’ yrgiuhfs, oft, often, mostly, many or se- veral limes, frequently.
Wh pow png, one afler another, order ly. .
WA gut qi, one more than another.
Pafsufuuhus, fioupofs, by turns, recipro- cally, interchangeably, mutually.
dfin qSkul,, successively, one after an- other.
ph, dphuahf, doubly, twice.
‘perpdE uy, fE-puennfits ’ dhrwustig ants elvaot again, moreover, once more. |
'h fe ppl or ‘fb dépIq, last, lastly, at last.
Ge ls Rs SEL, afl, cuales be uit » fast Er ’ JSYt uu ’ Ep nel, unfris, Why? wherefore? for why? for what reason? |
OfPus , what? which? is
Ofuipy, ep, spybe, how? in what man- ner? why?
Vis nis ueeuphe , is it not?
‘Pui fst, how much?
b., fe febe, by which? how?
UP, Hele —E(AE, or — either?
(\°cuu, from whence?
Gre yootua, when ?
Uy» yes.
Upeqpuplk ’ Jbpurh » Sucuuink-ue , prerae ;
110
ufuenezin, truly, verily, certainly, surely, indeed, in truth, assuredly, infallibly, un- doubtedly, justly, really.
Yupfi pu), very well.
Unyupht , apykop, truly, verily.
Ng ea prigy gon gky almost, nearly, as it were, pretty near.
(0% & eu, so, thus.
Qacghs gacgh (AG, erg kpekp, (Pkpha,
wpylop y byl [JE , iL afr, perhaps, lest, it may be.
VHS, of! mpykop, may it be.
9, ds, no, not.
Ge «s, nor, neither.
{}‘s 44, no more. |
N's eho, abil fir is never, by no means.
fis fus, nothing.
Uys 44,no more.
WE) ffi eta, lft Epe kp s lt plo, lft bebe no, not, never, by no means.
(0% wile p ’ forbear.
‘Pu/e, God forbid, forbear.
What » E.E{d, poh »unuly, only, but.
Uhuyinul , dpuyts pry. dpusft , singly, solely.
UWA» df» one by one.
WE focof: ’ acpojl A wn wilad fut ’ ussite dares lyf ; apart, aside, asunder, separately, singly; particularly.
Usui, behold, lo, see, there.
U.sarunuph or aemufrly , behold, here.
Ugucun ph or aucun hl ’ behold, there.
Uisucutfh or ucuiiph, there behold:
= —s CC
Ail ul icitacre exttsryg tut hers tacsse asiterg. ’ wusjts af, pub ; wunuetk-y infty m (Tous y rather, more, than, nay, chiefly. pula, by my-self. “P-Egba, by thy-self. W462, by our-selves. Qk 4b%, by your-selves. ee from since, from this time. ypufia , by himself. ia almost, quite, totally. Ppapapadfit or enpopod{ide ’ wholly ’ totally, entirely. Yanhiue OV huslinff, voluntarily, willingly. bre&e» ever, at any time. ficp&e, in some;'place. Q\eump, whence, from whence. Ypf/, too, much, most, too much. bepadt, by himself. Qf, freely, for nothing, gratis. \etgimhfp, violently, vehemently. Yogifinuhp , side-ways, obliquely. Neqquhp, directly, perpendicularly, in a straight line. QEauadpunf, with or by hand. ‘Louitiugf ; with as sign. U.gegf, by or with ‘kicking. Luylkpht or Saykgf, in Armenian. Geruyk gk pou ; ing Hebrew. 2phupki, in the Jewish language. Sacinuplt ,in Greek. Ui utie ash alive.
Uggedt-& , nationally, with whole family.
112 UME Gh fl , wholly, totally. i “pfre pune or SF ounkrus , easily, readily, with- out trouble, at leisure.
* Feu, totally, almost, ever. eth a Joes, severely, cruelly, rudely, hardly. Yutfuex., before, beforetime, formerly. Azghe, exactly, sparingly.
Agviupnf, truly, indeed, really, certain-
y- ,
Whylnf{, softly, gently, slowly, mildly, quietiy, peaceably.
Pieupenp or gupenpuyee , well, rightly.
’h eu, naturally, by nature, radically, ori- ginally.
fe aL or jummuypneg before, already, primitively, formerly. |
"h chesssts b- ’ partly, in part.
84¢, loo, much, too much, very much, most. ;
Zupduif, worthily, justly. |
: YJacuc owner or uit oun y in the morning.
Suis, exceedingly, excessively, immo- derately, extremely. 7
Veep ehopbt: » diupylpang » diupylanybe s humanly, as a man. |
U,penupacom, from without, outwardly.
Bujud Skok, thenceforth, thenceforward.
‘Lojtisenf, so much, so many.
UW fattgunhujn , at once, together.
Ip Supleutigfh, superficially, carelessly...
Upurg upusy., fast, hastily, quickly, speedily,
soon. :
se ae
:
113
Npubu, as, how.
equity opemup» opzstn, as.
Lunfspli, totally, wholly, altogether.
(iz fuyp, in vain, needless, to no purpose.
UV yeteeypy » diversly, otherwise, contrarily.
Cig udu, altogether, totally, wholly.
Gee put gu, more and more.
Ujeube, uojiinGe SO, in this manner.
UVoypakes pute, so, thus in that man- ner.
UL jue, LajumGu , thus, in that manner.
‘Udiviauml-u, in like manner, so, thus. |
‘Uejtopfiush , alike, SO, thus.
UWhopftmh, alike, equally, in the same manner.
Dhapzs opal glu y as, like how.
Onpopfiuuh , as, for example.
Qupusup, badly, sadly, ill, miserably , cruelly.
Uynebe s aypuggapeusy y diversly, other- wise.
Buywip, juyotiuylu, evidently, clearly, openly, publicly.
WEL ft, di-fuopkt, explicitly, plainly, open-
ly, elearly.
[ox fb yor, publicly, openly.
arden "fe Sustnah, y Sus hesipizine; ‘qetfie- fupwpep , secretly, in secret, under hand.
Leb bu, fh fifi, silently, tacitly, quietly.
‘fe pugep ’ easily. ,
fioip, eotupup, forcibly, by force, vio- lently.
114
tocupur, hardly, not easily, scarcely.
pb Suphb , Sephue, necessarily, inevitably.
Buhuntue, unwillingly, forcibly, with regret.
Gunhulp ; 'b huntiuhupacg willingly, vo- luntarily, readily.
Sacp ’ 'f qaepy ain ear yreavangenegverient 37 4 fen rasan ’ pg. fayps’f tutfp, in vain, vainly, to no purpose, without any reason.
Ruiig Lay, unfitly, improperly, amiss, ab- surdly.
Suge buw , ignorantly, unknowingly.
UFigue, by fraud, fraudulently, deceit- fully.
'h aly nakedly.
Leu 9 Sfunpamu , on foot.
‘Lapaz, newly, recently, freshly, lately, just now. |
U, jusunp , wyupuis, so much, so many.
Ui ypsenfs ayppeeh, so much, so many. -
\psunf, nappa, as much, how much, how many, as far.
Lunliteg anti; ’ Aprecits pushin ’ 'b dfusufit ’ cur Suuupuh together , altogether, all at once, wholly, totally, completely, en- tirely, in the mean while.
Guun, much, many, greatly, a great deal, very, enough. f
Suckin, wnuwk,, more, at most, too much, very much. 3
Yewek, Lv, more than.
Yuh ) wus tue lp: wushjuse fh fs 5 funk lf: func fiug, fnpy dps pruyfu fing, poppy bs
115 guunt, , little, but little, some, somewhat, something, less, in a small quantity.
Puc uhaitiouys, sufliciently, well enough, duly, tolerably.
CONJUNCTION
A Conjunction is an indeclinable word which connects the parts of speech together, or one sense with another.
A COLLECTION OF CONJUNCTIONS
~
Ge > Or ac ’ and, or.
Gee, hao Lh, ha hu, ayy» usyple ful, tuslew , ful, qupdkuy, also, too, still, yet, more, even.
tual, he haul, hunt (3-£ , [PE , E{-L, or, either.
SLY SY alpeafte 5 Seanlinfiss wyyy meuloufe eng wisps, pagg Ups, payg EE dp mj, dp [P-L , pain [PL , Efe-k ns, but, only, unless, except, save, nevertheless, notwithstanding, however, yet, provided, upon condition that, if not.
OE hk, (Pkukun, (Fkuykunl., though, al- though, however.
(0-4 & as, though not.
Ns EIPE, hep ds Efd£, no, not.
116
(\'s due, not only.
Ulye by aba b, tad bey ayuftnpn, uyuftuph it is, that is to say, to wit.
Nese ber beg (FE, npmbu mju (26, beg uj (J-E, as, if it were.
(Youn apa, as, how.
Opfiush fifi ; qupopfitiuul » as, for example.
Uers 2 oepes ap ape, evyg mpe» ful upy, unyupean, then, therefore, in conse- quence, now.
U.j@ gf, rather.
Of ’ puttgls ’ tfunits al: ’ apiybe gly iprofuctial als ; mpl ab > wusjls at » Tes afr ’ np{S Eile ) djius, for, because, that, whereas, foras- muchas, in order to, to the end that, since.
ficg» where.
ig ’ that.
Ueyu ’ acpliti ’ unyurpl ts » cepusyes ne pleitis » Leas oe ple ifis ; ncunf ’ ust LL Md Le bd LL ea walftie Lopes eeale bop y Tullis pfs y eygure. Slee wh., then, therefore, wherefore, in or by consequence, for this reason.
“Pails ’ puils [dE ; mnueks, hiitoere estoy » ju ebin, taut , (F-q,[P-£, than, rather, at most, on the contrary.
Uligs lfingh.» dfingg hs aitgunl, gly qf ky 80 that, till, untill.
(ol, E[s£, ful (DE, espesyees (GE, engespess E(d-£ or unyl-[d-E, if.
Ueqes (2-E ns, otherwise.
4.4 [d- ’ gil y gnitlrusy at least.
{rE , F[JE, hk (dk, ql» euy pad; mt that.
117
INTERJECTION
An lnterjection expresses the passions of the soul.
A COLLECTION OF INTERJECTIONS
Geel . peeled. [. [PE ’ suthuips bgF [F-E ’ eee i, 62, would to God, may it be! °, addy ef (PL, euigk, fuir, 0h! oh! won- ae I see! 0 God! nes vik ASS AS BS ES) uly» aly Yfuiy PPT fy ccssfrussies y extol Ean ; wcuis » E-qrich guigl 5 oh! alas! woe * to! poor! wretch that! ule » = fuiz» Ss dS, ob joy! Mets» de fe nS» JFF» Fst, Sl ye uy y E, ala Ury> ad fizur, ws uf s o! fie! pish ! Uigh» Sutupu, oh, Sur, come, come on; cheer, well well. (O-siq » forbear. Us, e&p, bring, come. &'4, Fy ep, come, come bring.
ng 3 E,
ee
Fy,
ea ~ vee
A. yy { tide, As sh «
Fs ge i
Daa
“3 ws ie 4 ed
iG ait aeRe =f
“ aitiod, a
449 SYNTAX
Syntax is the due conjunction or con- nexion of the parts of speech.
Substantives agree with each other in three ways.
4. When another substantive is added to express and explain the former more fully, aS, Ugteqwnpue pumipee Satgbpd. with Cleopatra his daughter. Ga inteorp~ ye romump fee he Sas given Cleopatra his daughter. CpPEL non Fe wo po ote fepodes ded sia penis pupuyl)f. to visit his brethren the children of Israel.
2. When one thing is said to belong to another, as, GApep S¥urtwh Dione “Ppp unnufy* apples i stew [ef app UFpwdwdnw the book of the L icealicn of. Jesus Christ, the son of David, the son of Abraam. Sayfi fluyne (Pfr wniuplruy. pl op guoprmn [L Eraasete Sr anne gave the apostles witness of the resurrection of the Lord.
3. When a substantive or gerund like a verb governs another substantive, as, §4«a als dalek do eed at edo ef oys om tm [Le fr sore Xo diupunne[d-Fultie after that we have received the knowledge of the truth. Lseperoye ot SE nme eft neuncguiltlee h |
eheok npag’f 26 (d-uiinuy alias Lpbuye
120 £%. thou teachest all the Jews which are among the Gentiles to forsake Moses. fruyg ymngente Gayhayeebiay afi (Faggh. but the blasphemy against the (Holy) Ghost shall not be forgiven.
Substantives agree with Adjectives ‘when governed by the same, as, [PFq. Sumwhw pups lub fru oan hth app uy d-if” apesonbl-gests » unto us they did minster the things, which are now reported. OStngu usury ne.p + disobedient to parents. Gabgts yupdnnh "fb Ganda. a reed shaken with the wind. QFgkghh f wnk-uus thy, b. puny’ Gepuhacp. that is pleasant to the sight, and good for food. Ge ’p f« ton ppfumsenug ng owjwey, and of the chief women not a few. Gurku fap dh ’b Sve. he saw a man which was blind from his birth. Ge Ueput bp Ld wp mnt syt wih wowbod y he wef lend, te avgent. and Abram was Very rich in cattle, nm silver, and in gold. fruyg ferpb, Port bp ote bole, ke thakohh tptwor- but Rachel was beautiful and well-favored. {) qPasdfuns ff Saucon; ‘fs ub ’ 'h Sante le por(P-fu. sound in faith, in charity, in pa- tience. Ge LS *% seep” E-nbgfs abn wp cop but he that is greatest among you shall be your servant. Upper ook par dense soptr be Lapus. the youngest of his sons.
The Comparatives govern generally the Accusative with the preposition 4%, as, 9f
OO EL —<— -
121 hup fs yop ie po dem ye eke thy Eqlp. for thou
art much mightier than we. [Prd 4% 4S 5e4. ‘nite £ unnn. a greater than Jonas is here.
Also the Middle nouns govern different cases, as, Ugur Ugur Egh. bepl qt '} Lf. behold, the man (Adam) is become as one of us. (WL app Eugl quiudth fer 'b 5 se se be 00 _ $bwy. how can he be clean that 1s born of a woman ? be dg Shenfs fowl be sm purpatgbep mm dest’ 2%). though he be not far from every one of Us. O ay ny So st py wr emf ns utleufs. but other of the Apostles saw I none. —
CONCORDANCE OF ADJECTIVES WITH SUBSTANTIVES
1. The adjective may be placed before or after the substantive; joined,- or divided from it,
2. The adjective may or may not be of the same case or number wilh the substantive.
3. The governing preposition may be placed either before the substantive or adjec- tive, or before both being repeated.
Examples.
Ub teg aief hk Sy a 9 Le wef ac Fr oot fy tee Years.
by the word of God, which liveth and abideth of ever. [pbs ms he F ses ope wo be po ah Ll. witdbnwu, grp® fonputrunks by a greater and more per-
122 fect tabernacle, not made with hands. ’f ff pey Lepfay tof oe pn wee mig fy Lnpun. upon the smooth of his neck. Gpbugku gulf Lapa ‘t wp fad op fe z-n)- seethe his flesh 7n the holy place. Qumnut wk Gufs enejoy yopn=[eewhse. for all the migh- ly works. (pepdutts JGpocuunlhL ttt a tw oar uiw ewe Of/(Pbikuwg. returned they unto Jerusalem from the mount called Olivet. Ge LSwh$« hu putt qunjiu gacguinl, Tashits 4 dap Sue and he will shew him greater works than these. Ge wut log Yue gape nifs 10) 68898 Ce Of Sd «Je d-o% he 4 t00 OM L quince bn, pe. and the Lord plagued Pharaoh and his house with great plaques. YberL teqhpeh «te Lp wm fewne ad Oud hEugko Oe ee pln 4hy fonputifin pruny hagduil. the half-cur- tain that remaineth, shall hang over the back- side of the tabernacle. fleg Le pufigl is yutvnmue bE pa SUL LSE, h 4 Shh hl pam Sle Suyork » a yun te somdQ §4¢try- for they shall hear of thy great name, and of thy strong hand, and of thy stretched-out arm. G4u hpi dt op acy bp abe boars wepe bate’ wguenh Ldwtvny. there came a woman having an alabaster-box of ointment of spikenard, very precious. S&uf 1S4p Dununk-uy 3 [enn geuwpapar[d Futh he dée rwutiny- L saw also the Lord sitting upon a throne, high and lifted up. Sips yout dh 0 ee Lo opp he Yaad he dead hopacuutipglo. Lord, wilt thou slay also a righteous nation ? "fr Supyny Tey wimen phe WEL d wenn be fp iut gf. 0 deliver me from the deceitful and unjust man. Payg 4b
123
yoo thupy hai ns np upl, Stuugquitg by iy googie fe apse Boss de fe “1b [Bachop thuSupl ppt. but the tongue can no man tame: it is an unruly evil, full of deadly poison, Qacudietu mbu_ a) Eu he. _soumuspruudusfiau + with divers and strange doctrines. Ua Sapo toby web wbwith. of the promise made unto our fathers. *h ek pufiry tpheny i trhy Lo«jty Swunmuinku_ gb andktnjfr cuss. in the mouth of two or three witnesses every word may be esta_ blished. ‘ay be wSey Le95echepeg- Noah was six hundred years old. hepl s«umuphwos Suet wwuue. about fifteen furlongs off. "bp dé gsar tocd. in the six hundredth and first year, in the first month. | 2jg04 ghey qe bogie dus Awnlofp. he rus wul-, uy worl yet de whether ye sold the land for so much ? and she said, yea, for so much. Wye aytmfuf. such a one as this is. 96 qopanfepaths mywopfhube "fs Sheng vapu bipgfit. that even such mighty works are wrought by his hands. {}«p# «2 for e902 Fu, fyunt” yup gayed pe bet. what is thy country ? and of what people art thou? Freed oe wenger er op set ome quunfp -whith what judge- ment ye judge. O pv, fume fds and obs pwhguhy Et ff: what is my trespass, what is my sin ? Luttyk pa St pes ntutex 5 hk Zier prope oe pH fowme Chrwfpegtum ndwiE. with the elders, and with a certain orator named Tertulus. bela phy wnt wit ls Us fequu- and found a certain Jew named Aquila. ’h $+
124
fack dat. from one shepherd. O fut pry, WLS an plhg Sum yuitpglt » ke whey fhe meme Op 000 40.098 woe te fupEutup punokugkh. Every great matter they shall bring unto thee: but every small matter they shall judge. ‘Qas* acutiph oD Lelaledad decked a tf gute busy Et, ayo ugh £* tpfewenpfe. but now they desire a better country, that is, an heavenly. Yruwty bphe [uqrxtyy- doubting nothing. } guy downy gupeun[I-mnh. the next sabbath (or sabbath- day.) U. Jee gulifep puquop. with many other words. Uz ay kpifadp. by the other kine. ’h punta soy, be pwpalhs hep 'f swplrug akpag. in turning away every one of you from his iniquities. ’h dé pay dpa acpacp ‘fs p&puing- Upon some mountain.
Notwithstanding the great licence in the use of adjectives the following rules must be generally observed.
4. The adjective placed after the sub- stantive must agree with it in number and case, as, pupuilpp H- Sunll- Sop » with great sfones. qopacld hip uyumfrfrp ; such mighty works.
2. The adjective placed before a substan- tive does not agree with it, excepting the monosyllable adjectives, as, dér-SuulS pur pusndep , with great stones. aypuupprufs gopue. Phinp, such mighty works, eye eutifrp
SE eae
125 with other words. "fb upeawd nk-quad, in the holy place.
3. When a verb or participle is before the substantive and after the adjective, the adjective agrees readily with the substantive, as, muni Saphad glut gopne[J-F-untp » he armeth with divine fe orce. muna ufund gf thay qopne[d Eunlp ’ armed with divine fe orce.
A. An adjective with the article or the letter distinctive of the person, placed before a substantive, agrees with it in number and in case, but not always, as, de Sunt be hus a greater and more perfect tabernacle, not made with hands.
5. When there are many substantives be- fore one adjective only, the adjective is in the plural, and agrees with them, as, Yu cory be. Baifiun[d-ustn ufpljbhp be glob-ghhp be duybyaes.p,Saul and Jonathan (were) lovely and pleasant.
6. The governing preposition is joined to
the case which precedes it, whether sub-
stantive or adjective, as, jyusimewikewy pha ubiu, from the mount called. 'f siupyey lle quacapl ththguenpl, , from the deceitful and unjust man.
7. When the adjectives or substantives placed before are joined with the conjunction ~,and, the governing preposition is applied to all, as, Juitk-a& he Jtupann he itd us nul” Fumnuttyne[d frie » to an inheritance
126 incorruptible, and undefiled, and that fadeth not away. 'h Stuungquittg ald ft fe 'f a wpl wit, unto obedience and sprinkling of the blood.
8. When the adjective or substantive placed before is simple, and many substan- lives or adjectives follow, the governing pre- position governs the first word, and the se- cond and third which follow; however not always, as; 'h feupl feopse erg» 'f geusipy he 'b gopsay, from evil thoughts, words, and works. qusayp upftausky bk OL a » the bloody and deceitful man,
CONCORDANCE OF PRONOUNS
The personal pronouns &u, I, zac, thou, fia, he or himself, are substantives, and as substantives agree with adjectives, as, asm aEp hl-gSusnopurg of you hypocrites.
ppt signifies sometimes self, as, Ge fugu dupa. Ed: | myself also am a man.
The definitive pronouns var, gus, iar, he (she, it) are substantives, and so agree with adjectives, as, Shapur shinfiipy~ these last. Ge fal fuplutup unpus asuusy lt. or else let these same here say.
The definitive pronouns ogi, goju, baja, this, that, same, are adjectives, and so agree | with substantives, as, ’h oajt or ’f ulin as carp. on this day, or inthe course of this day,
127 or to-day. (tun liu op fituuh fr. in the like manner. *h ialfin quily acu Sy « of the same lump. Bapnguy[d- "fb Uns ufuhgf. into that very destruction let him fall. Ge adfit aspudprh quidlTujts ifrry[d- f SED unlusy. and besides this, giving all diligence.
The definitive pronouns aya, this, uyq, wju, that, are generally adjectives, but some- times substantives, as, Offs gapSkEgkp quyy> what is this that thou hast done ? Uj, ju EL Siacunp opycagu Lyl- these are the generations of the sons of Noah. Saya Ep acu mpesenae frie on these two command- ments. er qusju pug dpilk-uitws Epydnciuu wpuplouy Ep» who had made this conspira- cy. GEE E-gl-uy fyb pun geutbfu S- & fs Ee vophly. whether there hath been any such thing as this great thing 1s 2?’ swpkugg pag yey pguiul, - of this thy wickedness. (dqleafy. wyprorefl. by this ‘epistle. (uum antl Tusyts fur wuypanppl. according to all these words, and according to all this vision. Gputtfi op upusk qeuils ‘ tuple [Fue Y hd bade blessed is he that keepeth the sayings of the prophecy. Bugg jaypdasul,. of this generation. UL- aftip Sunaypy pag uyungth jpuupg. the life of these fifty thy servants. Whggkl fp $peutu_ pearls Luk ursunfs eis pupil, . shall I re- cover of this disease? Suju Yaduku* gap me pruspuslls 6.» spss Yewneas f2fuuin he ppp Nhs wnwuplusry. this Moses, whom they re-
128 fused... the same did God send to be a ruler and a deliverer.
The possessive pronouns fi; my,.pn, thy, Ji-p, our, 4Ep, your, frp, his, his own, are adjectives. When they are without substan- tives, receive either the articles «, »,%, or the adverbs «um, whwf, as, Pa & wt tujhe fas 5 he 'b Lyne wince peg: all things come of thee, and thine own have we given thee. Yeu Jbepuyagu. he also hath ceased from his own works, as God did from his.
The pronouns possessive derived /liujfiu or filafiu, my, &bpuyft or SE paft, your's, are put before the substantives. |
The pronoun relative ap, who, which, what, that, is substantive, and in different manners agrees with antecedent and follow- ing nouns, as, Uyse' apap as wluutupykt, L. uhwifu® opadp as pubgktu, Kyes that they should not see, and ears that they should not: hear. Lecae 'f tidal sfusits op 'h Se wniaw Gfuacu Sueunnngts » heard him concern- mg the faith in Christ. 96 df fas EG bug ‘fh fi prusy ff J EF E524- uulp , that none of these things which ye have spoken come upon me. pocd™ fig pl f plu unite py he ap gk pkuv, give to him that asketh thee, and from him that would borrow of thee turn not
thou away. "h sf fuXnite mene pye usyuanfrl fuc. ub-guse pur deg apyenifis » gop Ex. PF unuilg.
——— ee
: 4129 andE-uuspofs » apf le gy gusnfunkutin apply my Ee pyge sfrusnng , hath in these last days spok- enuntous by his son, whom he hath appoint- ed heir of all things, by whom also he made the worlds. Who being the brightness of his glory. Ge upusull-osg Wafubu Usupotfr yh Ui nujfr munnyunlie gop wnmpleury gus Sb, and Moses told Aaron all the words of the Lord who had sent him. Ge udkiuuje upp wuts opus puunsd fiup fe. wp ul[d- uy fp op Efiu JT emg ouumypusy y (F-1 fpusml-usg qunuus ite and all the men of lus house, born in the house, and bought with money of the stran- ger, were circumcised with him. Sapag packs 'b fag hp Epld-kuy Efe, which thou wentest to seek. Aer quapifre tits UAqaunay fountibeusy
pur qnsul angus , whose blood Pilate had
mingled with their sacrifices. Yr og siuane_ geuy ’f fE tis a a to whom coming » as unto a living stone. Nipy eb pitt bop fp Wlfin, whose seed is in itself. Ge daquflgfir, op
pany ke op umhese, ond gathered, some more,
some less.
The articles-distinctive-of the persons u of the first, 7 of the second, & of the third, besides showing the persons joined to the terminations of words, have also the force of the English articles a and the, and give energy and ornament, as, S$4p 4 Quasppu fun (without any article) Lord and Master, but with the article « so, S£pe fk Quaipyzu ul-wu, it may have three senses: 4°. I who
130
am a Lord and a Master. 2°. This Lord and Master. 3°. My Lord and Master. So S&pqz i NO » 4°. Thou who art a Lord and a Master. 2°. That Lord and Master. 3°. Thy Lord and Master. Likewise $4p% OT a ‘ 1°. His Lord and Master. 2°. That Lord and Master. 3°. The Lord and the Master. Q4yp 15 bun E ple assy Ew Vj ppuiyy. bepaytb, after whom is the King of Israel come out ? Shqfu mba E,k CL Le Funtk-uy, this is a desert place, and the time 18 NOW past. Oras fre Ea‘ usu apa E. hhpg, what is the cause wherefore ye are come ? beE pug sfeuyen pps) quay mnthED ; pur sop qlits plufigfr ’ if they do these things in a green tree, what shall be done in the dry? Ue. poe yopely peo ofpkpbs gop obpkgtp gbumsah, take now thy son, thine only son Isaac, whom thou lovest. U.pauupfu shiupyw diz, our outward man, Ofrus fygk ’f dienk. poyts junk, , what the rising from the dead should mean ? WE fuEgupi.p hf puitiung an puttg feomumpungy usypryng fly ’ depart ( | pray you) from the tents of these wicked men. Sax putigqe eyeguink ELEsn u ida 2 Wig ; of these / men who have companied with us. Qf apa qlun ju i Susy gqusljwhfit he ghrp who maketh the dumb, or deaf, or the seeing, or the blind? Ghuijp ’p Supuuttfus, come unto the marriage. 3op Fug. /Yutkd, in the midst whereof I dwell. BE phgack msi. paypau ups pet, qe Fun. upped Ap diunpunee [db usnlpe the
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elder unto the well-beloved Gaius, vhom I love in the truth. 96 ap butt fig ld, ke gaep usuy. fgkp, that where lam, there ye may be also. Sap poe. wntkea , that thou doest. pad” geet dhazkgkp, to whom thou bearest wit- ness. fis an. dbgqu EW, being yet present with you. Qap tauju mah, , what things soever he doeth. Qap uaa unil, which this man hath done. SFuutifgl p qn pum, pS erege beg Shes ah as ery tediain epopead puss ditk-ofir "fp dh, see ye him whom the Lord hath chosen, that there is none like him among all the people. {i'd & op uuky gpkq, who it is that saith to thee. eZ npc te. Sudiupdush Faye fuouful, before whom also I speak freely. QD biofuafiung upfuupSfu woop pl pqleunputtkpfurge , of the princes of this world that come to nought. Ofaipy. aytdip wnb-uas “EL, but by what means he now seeth. N\pujbu be hustfuars unkf, as I have also told you g im time past. pes Jt asia [glu unpus lke pe , hyp & be quugugoe, but he that lacketh these things is blind, and cannot see afar off:
CONCORDANCE OF VERB
The verb which is not a participle, or _ infinitive, is governed by a nominative, as, belqentil, apap Yoon gephfii le glep- _ 4bp» inthe beginning God created the heaven and the earth, Ge Ephfp bp wukplay[d- bh
152 winyunnuun, and the earth was without form, and void. Ge Lagh Youncdy endkp 'b di pay Pacpy, and the Spirit of God moved upon the face of the. waters.
The participle and the infinitive are often governed by a genitive, as, Wuas/u Stafr, pitas ste £ thin Fee wn Uno divthwpupdusg y they are delivered ere the midwives come in unto them. LL Ephupy yA [Sutuky gn penis UIT] ++ fe psy dusts Je phuby » the heaven was opened, and the Holy Ghost de- scended.... and a voice came from heaven.
In like manner are governed the preter- perfect, and the preter-plu-perfect tenses formed by a participle, and a substantiveverb, as, Fe as. ghunkp Surhoide [Pe (peuple yuy fund fey gagquglay Er qunuu y fe or Jacob knew not that Rachel had stolen them. ra putt gopsluy & v7 /TH 'f haguiul uipuilg ase jb putt gpunuued, there hein wait for him of them more than forty men.
The accusative cannot properly govern a verb, but is subject to: it, as, Ge Aus fT ap Sul. ayy i Eup Usuredry ‘ ng murunfulp Sur op 'f Xayunurpae [Pbk bf ding slaps puitrpah lay bg gus ws haiti [luk infusing, forasmuch then as we are the off- spring of God, we ought not to think that the Godhead is like unto gold, or silver, or . stone, graven by art and man’s device.
The nominative of nouns agrees gene-
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rally in number with a verb which is nota participle or infinitive, excepting those with- out singular number, or collective, as, 8a peu od | ied be ld hdl Mutts fit 4Shp ; there arose another generation after them, which knew not the Lord. Gir dpmputi purgdie. [Pfc ~ furitil-gue, ats pub fit Jbepuputt. sliep peques foouky tunga » the multitude came together, and were confounded because that every man heard then speak in his own lan- quage. be Fngadacpyts uli nhl Supa. Chay sb. quipliiiuylie piog. youll fu oopan and the people waited for Zacharias, and mar- velled that he tarried so long. |
The nouns joined with the conjunction t, and sometimes agree, sometimes not, as, Ge fuup he esp Pure. Jyt ’ Susy p he assqasfitibeusy ; agp k &>p,and the man increased excee- dingly, and had much cattle, and maid-ser- vants, and men-servants, and camels, and asses. bait jdt esp ese rt. h. asfuup i Gop » our nuyp kh. uqufuileuyps | have oxen, and ass- es, flocks, and men-servants, and women- servants. :
When the noun or, pronoun is only one, the verb must be of the same person, as, Gu pus Firag Fes Eh Ae 2 unpus nop Efi ’ I was left alone ; where had they been ?
When the persons are different the verb agrees with the first, as, Qvayi] qasyghdp
Fuk digg pnt Eqeupp pr, ke Eph fpuyus_ 8
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guiipgledp pk, shall 1, and thy mother and thy brethren, indeed come to bow down our- selves to thee to the earth ? 8apdunl gar be tw dus bykp , between thee and him alone. GEE bu, bk EPL topes ayumleu puipagh. geup, whether it were I or they, so we preach.
Sometimes the verb is supposed, as, Ae hus, | Fa pe. unk-g& ps they y he ynp op ak amg poy utkikphu dip, we are the clay, and thou our Potter; and we all are the work of thy hand.
The verb active governs generally the ac- cusative, as, Ge enspuassyt Yeu w ds quiupyts ausprenegt gus. eu pirat. /e Ey LL gins AT) God created man in his own image ; in the image of God created he him; male and fe- male created he them. Ge whhbug Yuunacad quip ts quay TT a Koa sand the Lor d God lant- ed a garden eastward nm Eden; and there he put the man whom he had formed.
Sometimes the letter » a sign of the ac- cusative is supposed, as, ‘Ges way unlltuusfinfs hEutuu he Qachs » L quillLusjts fis he giveth to all, life, and breath, and all things. Ge wien. lh 'f hag angus i Ejfby pur ujip alii p- dius, and he took one of his ribs, and closed up the flesh instead thereof.
The verb active governs secondly another accusative, as, pac ge untku gpk, whom makest thou thyself? (Ouyuceng qailts wut
135 yBpuacu, saying that there is another king, one Jesus.
The verbs active as well as the neuter and passive govern often their roots in the accu- sative, as, Usp junrfuliuhai ufpl-gf: g.ekqs I have loved thee with an everlasting love. Ueiuskugkt qunfo[d- di-S , they shall be great- ly ashamed. |
The verb “the governs generally the ablative, as, DF 19at op mugs ds 'b Siu , ub that it might be fulfilled which was spok- eno f the Lor “Putigh t mun uitunfs Sunt eu. for the tree is known by his fruit. Auth glulin he Mutou sfrcl™ Jbdig peg know my (sheep) and am known of mine.
The infinitive sometimes is noun, and sometimes verb.
The preposition ’: put before an infinitive has often the signification of an adverb y»p_ du S, us when as, ’h wlruntil jt q.plq eb php hugh’ f dune frp, when he seeth thee, he will be glad in his heart.
The infinitive or the gerund with its verb increases the signification of it, as, \cmbhy mibp upper uses y he hath whereof to glory. dipuy Meg, yul oppkyi infplughku dirgs shalt thou indeed reign over us? or shalt thou indeed have dominion over us ?
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CONCORDANCE OF PREPOSITIONS.
Prepositions sometimes are put after the nouns; they change their places, and are re- doubled, as, Nope Suub-uy & fin JUeanedy fppanutigis fE-preusy y who knowing the judge- ment of God. Uf fas syuunXurny 7) Suhr nusthoapy fit ‘fs SaySayae[d uit cis ILI give none occasion to the adversary to speak re- proachfully. OSbun Ep[t afi geugqacdp 'h opkhy uitunfr, be. fs upp inobl huts E-hyusnhinfry que qaup be. gPoninupy many of the Jews and religious proselytes followed Paul and Barnabas. 3uandianjh tun qeupkiug qgSku Ep[d-uyp, but ever follow that which is good. Soptudt fy ybeinyba spopdne[d-butig fh JED wilwifgfp, when ye fallinto divers tempta- tions. Lunoney fis fiua sup tfiofusstiush pug. gues, that render evil for good.
Adjectives are often used as adverbs, as, YP duduijis hupryuglp, cry aloud. Geagze. ran and returned.
On the contrary sometimes adverbs are used as adjectives, as, Gq tinpus osfuuyp be east ess. JSYF and had much cattle.
Negative adverbs +4, 4 and 4, no, not, sometimes are put after verbs, as, Ge /uaq' Aas ns” nfig > fyb Tus akg, and the swine, though he divide the hoof, and be cloven-
—
e———
137 footed, yet ye cheweth not the cud: he is unclean to you.
ACCENTS, OR NOTES OF PROSODY
ag Chom or QE punuihyuih (‘) as, Sui ns puig, Fu, NustoussE allergy eas as, ilfi, ad glttns +
2°. fiaefd- or elt uiinzuit (*) as, tau fu ’ Eph pope: pupdlruiy wy” cufiagh’ ay’ t
3°, Despre OY ayrguul (°) as, aids quip. ’ rep + According to modern usage it is em- ployed as an interrogative point, and as a note of admiration. :
A’. Gphop (“), as, geuipl, dur, Ger ug” Geoceuy kt s
5°. acy (°) as, Snugquitg., g-im[d fri, U'pafe£ : It is put on the syllable to make it short.
6°, (une. () as, Bh [2-orng : It is put by some moderns upon the letter - to mark its pronunciation as a 7:
7. UsqurlF- upg (’)- It is rarely used.
8°. Gt[d-wifiwy, , the mark of division of a word (.)-
PUNCTUATION
There are three Points in the Armeman. 1. Yarnpush bun r) 2°. Wppunbeun (.« 3°. Wk pQul bun (+)
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OTHRR MARKS
1°. Puhuhban (’?). It is put on the head of the letter 4, when it forms a preposition, as, "fy anf: 2°, Mannfx. () mark of abbreviation, as, US (Usuncuds). UF (Usuerdsy ). Pa ( SPipfuuns )- “profs (“fi pfuunaufs) ° SF (S&p) ° Si (Sku) : 3°. Upe% (+) which is one of the three columns of a « entire; it is put sometimes to mark an entire a, as, w2unpul (uzun prssly) > epespapaly (eapusprearprsalt) + A’, Gphapkwh (") which marks the vo- wels omitted, or the words shortened, as, PUL ( purup ): Gas". ( BadfSuittuku ): 5°. Puhug hs ()- ' 4 6°. Quamnnughp. The sign, or substitute of a word, as, S (asfsups) + 7°, duu bp» Cyper.
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The letters of the Armenian Alphabet are used as the Numbers, generally with a line on the letter, so
‘it 1. x, 100. ~z> 2. if, 200. > 3. WE —— 300. Fs 4, a, 400. E, 5. a 500. a» 6. ", 600. BE, Fi cz : 700. iy 8. iq 800. , 9. Dd; 900. -, 10.. iy 1000. fh» 20, a, 2000. ; 30. ifs 3000, Z AQ. imi 5 4000. s, 50. p> 5000. h, 60. Gs 6000. %, 70, ag 7000. a, 80. ips 8000. =, 90, 2) 9000.
NB. o and being recent letters, are not included in the numeration.
—_- = so? =
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VERSE
The antient Armenian Verses or Songs were not rhymed, as the following for ex- ample.
belube Eehfe ke kghbps Eplfubp bk. Shputuf bele't Safactaiby ghaplp ph Eqgkguplfu. (ig bgbguit fag png kyuiubp |
Ge (6 engyt qunnutnkehbhy ugh ps
‘yur Sap SEp octkp.
Use [BE ey achb pn dnpace ;
Ge ushacupu Efi wily ushneip 4
But now they are rhymed generally and
are composed from five Syllables to fifteen. _ The following few lines are specimens with _ their own translation in prose.
of 3 Syllables.
Usr wtadt Bhuace Uber] pel Apia Ufpun bl puphykt
Jesus, whose name is a love, bind thou
_ my heart of stone with thy love.
142 of 6 Syllables.
Gaby. Supt uttihins pi ; Gpefuaeop bE uusyfin :
Having been the bride of the immortal celestial Bridegroom.
of 7 Syllables.
Uphugup epee. dp pg lus *h Sutin fufs pruuinnfit s
Valiantly fight thou in the public combat. of 8 Syllables.
Mbpha: qneuncilis nes uyusrne fru b php fingjing bf geppbe: _ Love thou instruction, by which thou
wilt obtain honor from Heaven, and on earth.
of 9 Syllables. behuxXt tl usqusetefs Orpussisyisys »
Lp Uybuin anys E Ly puupuyps
Thou dove, ever flying through the air, the Ark of the new Noah is thy dwelling. -
i
———— SS
eS a ne ee
ea ee
eT ees eee
| ata ear’) 4S 3a, er ~* '
143
of 10 Syllables.
Uj4or Eplf wiunkut 'h guspa uly , To-day the Invisible appears from on
high; the knowledge of all creatures is dis- covered.
of 14 Syllables.
Pecteuenp Suwnng Eph E-quit Sunbhp Gp ftuqupy AL witaezurSam eope sfecsalpe Flowers of rational Plants appeared of various tints, and delicious odour.
of 12 Syllables.
Popapush Ef fpuwgoactun apy bu funputs , Pia [F-Fusdp husynets ; wited use guptact ; aitunk-uush ats :
I am a hemisphere round as a pavilion, by nature firm, in reality moveable invisibly.
of 13 Syllables.
err opanduts ylein Saukyaje quindp ls ae | ;
ar Tah Te, ASL
14h UWelipopkoy Jeph fii , ur. Ueupoqu x pou ype 3 The roar of thunder haying diffused the.
rain of life, is recovered to ‘the heavens, returning to his Origin. .
of 14 Syllables.
ip sei fp Tap ays FeapeHe. Degg bh bya pacuopp fk pfu Vpoiful: Let us ery aloud in joyful tidings address-
ing. thee. personally, . 0. Church, js coment of lofty Sion.
of AS Sites.
Neb fepay Sopot goer] Bp cess 4 quupuspuS wy
phew, fb Jocpu eg BES . se “rte Youn dy aS 3
“Thou, who Sasating? on ‘the water didst
make creation, descending in the waters of
the Baptismal fount, dost give birth to the
Sons of God.
: — o ea Ne aly ae oe 4
et me.
- if faa a tae! See
cy
ca een